channel‚ decode-and-forward‚ keyhole effects‚ moment generating function‚ orthogonal space-time block codes‚ symbol error rate. I. I NTRODUCTION It has been known that use of multiple antennas at transmitter and receiver increases speed of data transmission between communication terminals. However‚ MIMO channel capacity is degraded by correlation and keyhole effects. Because of the keyhole effect [1]‚ [2]‚ the rank of MIMO channel matrix is reduced to one‚ even in the absence of antenna correlation
Premium Trigraph Modulation Information theory
protocol for obtaining the physical address of a node when the IP address is known is called _______. C) ARP A signal can lose energy due to the resistance of the medium. This is called _______. D) attenuation _______ can cause errors during data transmission. A) White noise B) Impulse noise C) Echo Which of the following best describes a single-bit error? B) A single bit is inverted per data unit. If the ASCII character G is sent and the character D is received‚ what type of error is
Premium OSI model Data transmission Ethernet
the frequency of the signal‚ the shorter the wavelength. vp Is the phase velocity f is the frequency vp Is the phase velocity f is the frequency λ=vpf Figure 1.1 What is a wave guide? Figure 1.2 A waveguide is a special form of transmission line consisting of a rectangular (figure 1.2) or cylindrical metal tube or pipe‚ through which electromagnetic waves are propagated in microwave and RF communications. It is commonly used in microwave communications‚ broadcasting‚ and radar installations
Premium Electromagnetic spectrum Electromagnetic radiation Transmission line
yayavaram@yahoo.com EMBEDDED SYSTEMS UNITS IV & V Interfacing methods The interfacing of an I/O device to an embedded system is always an important task. Generally interfacing means ‚ both the physical connections of the hardware devices and the software routines that effect the data transfer .Due to incompatibility in speeds of the microcontroller and I/O devices ‚there is always a problem in data transfer between two devices .This leads to a concept
Premium Interrupt PCI Express Data transmission
each having either manual or automatic transmission and either 2 or 4 doors. The following table shows the classification of 950 cars model. Model 2-door 4-door Automatic 135 351 Manual 251 213 If a car is picked at random from the fleet‚ calculate the probability that it is: (i) automatic‚ (2 marks) (ii) automatic or 2-door‚ (2 marks) (iii) manual and 4-door‚ (2 marks) (iv) 2-door given that it is manual transmission. (2 marks) 4. Consider a random
Premium Manual transmission Random variable Automatic transmission
* Set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single link * allows several transmission sources to share a larger transmission capacity Link = physical path Channel = portion of a link that carries a transmission between a given pairs of lines 2 CATEGORY OF MULTIPLEXING WDM FDM TDM ADSL Frequency Division Multiplexing * FDM – numerous signals are combined for transmission on a single communications line or channel. Each
Premium Data transmission
present in the VoIP system. The comparison of how the delay varied with network load showed that there was a directly proportional relationship. A quantitative result was generated for the amount of audio lost during a 17 minute (1022 seconds) VoIP transmission‚ which was calculated to be 4.4 seconds. In conclusion hypotheses are drawn regarding the future application of VoIP and factors that might affect its commercial success. CHAPTER 1: Introduction Voice over IP (VoIP) is a technology that has
Premium Communication Internet Protocol Data transmission
LECTURE 7 * What 3 things must be present for communication to occur? * Transmission media‚ data transmission‚ cooperation * Define Bandwidth * Amount of data can be transferred from one point to another in a certain time * Define attenuation * Loss of power in a signal as it travels from sending device to receiving device * What is a protocol and why is it important in electronic communication? * Rules governing data communication including error detection
Premium Computer network Communication English-language films
Encoding methods and Modulation schemes 25.P.1 Computers use digital signalling‚ digitals signals are represented by the base 2 numbering system “Binary”. Binary bits are shown as 1 or 0‚ where 1 means ON and 0 means OFF. In a network where digital devices exist‚ digital signalling will be used. Dependant upon the encoding method used‚ a high voltage on a communications medium can represent a logical 1 and a low voltage of can represent a logical 0. Different methods of encoding exist these
Premium Modulation Data transmission
project aims at providing a wireless information system that helps in transfer of information to the near by station immediately after the accident. The project consists of an accident identification system that can be placed in the car‚ information transmission system and information reception system. The information is also passed to the relatives mobile phone through GSM modem. The project also controls the theft of the vehicle. In case of theft‚ the exact location of the vehicle can
Premium Radio Mobile phone Microcontroller