Forecasting is the process of making statements about events whose actual outcomes (typically) have not yet been observed. A commonplace example might be estimation of some variable of interest at some specified future date. Prediction is a similar‚ but more general term. Both might refer to formal statistical methods employing time series‚ cross-sectional or longitudinal data‚ or alternatively to less formal judgemental methods. Usage can differ between areas of application: for example‚ in hydrology
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Which of the following is the least useful sales forecasting model to use when sales are increasing? Select one: Trend adjusted exponential smoothing Weighted moving average Naïve Exponential smoothing ? Simple mean x Which of the following forecasting methods is most likely to be implemented to change an existing quantitative forecast to account for a new competitor in the marketplace? Select one: Gamma method Executive opinion Market research Naïve method Delphi method
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An Assignment On Forecasting Submitted To Dr. Tophan Patra Submitted By Kumail Murtaza MBA AVM SEM III R250211021 College of Management and Economic Studies (CMES) University of Petroleum and Energy Studies Dehradun‚ India Exponential Smoothing Class Values Ft+1 = α.Xt + (1- α).Ft ----------------------------------- Eqn 1 Ft+1----- Forecasted Value of the next period “t+1” α------- Smoothing Factor/Coefficient Xt------- Actual Value
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QUALITATIVE FORECASTING METHODS Qualitative forecasting methods are based on educated opinions of appropriate persons 1. Delphi method: forecast is developed by a panel of experts who anonymously answer a series of questions; responses are fed back to panel members who then may change their original responses a- very time consuming and expensive b- new groupware makes this process much more feasible 2. Market research: panels‚ questionnaires‚ test markets‚ surveys‚ etc. 3. Product life-cycle
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DEMAND FORECASTING Demand forecasting is the activity of estimating the quantity of a product or service that consumers will purchase. Demand forecasting involves techniques including both informal methods‚ such as educated guesses‚ and quantitative methods‚ such as the use of historical sales data or current data from test markets. Demand forecasting may be used in making pricing decisions‚ in assessing future capacity requirements‚ or in making decisions on whether to enter a new market. Knowledge
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direct and indirect employment 1‚50‚000people (including suppliers and distributors) BEVERAGES Pepsi‚ 7UP‚ Mirinda‚Mt. Dew and DietPepsi HYDRATINGAND NUTRITIONAL BEVERAGES Aquafina ISOTONIC SPORTS DRINKS Gatorade JUICE BASED DRINKS Tropicana100%‚ Tropicana Nectars‚Tropicana Twisters and Slice LOCAL BRANDS Lehar Evervess Soda and DukesLemonade Manufacturer Sponsored Retail Franchisee Pepsi Co licenses bottlers in various markets that buy its syrup concentrate. These bottlers then
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Demand Forecasting Demand forecasting • Why is it important • How to evaluate • Qualitative Methods • Causal Models • Time-Series Models • Summary Production and operations management Product Development long term medium term short term Product portifolio Purchasing Manufacturing Distribution Supply network designFacility Partner selection location Distribution network design and layout Derivatuve Supply Demand forecasting is product developmentcontract the starting ? point
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Coke and Pepsi in the Twenty-First Century: Threat of Entry:low 1. Economies of scale - High production volume but merit not clear (1st paragraph on page 2) 2. Product differentiation - Brand identification (high advertising expense‚ Exhibit 2) 3. Capital requirements - CPs: little capital investment (1st paragraph on page 2) - Bottlers: capital intensive (2nd paragraph on page 3) 4. Cost disadvantages independent of size - No 5. Access to distribution channels - Food stores (35%): intense
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Corporations are faced with increased pressure to deliver a large variety and volume of products efficiently to consumers. Market competition creates pressure to develop and release new or innovative products‚ which shorten the shelf life of products (Xiao‚ Jin‚ Chen‚ Shi‚ Xie‚ 2010). Shortened shelf life and increased demand presents a problem for supply chain managers. First‚ the timeline for production to market products is shortened (Eroglu‚ Williams & Waller‚ 2011). Second‚ market replenishment
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MANAGEMENT AND FORECASTING CHAPTER 1 JF607 MANUFACTURING PROCESS MANAGEMENT 1.1 Describe management in manufacturing 1.1.1 Define the term of management 1.1.2 Describe the basic functions of management a. Planning b. Organizing c. Staffing d. Directing e. Controlling MANUFACTURING PROCESS MANAGEMENT 1.2 Explain organization and planning 1.2.1 Define the basic principle of an organization and terms of organization a. Authority b. Duties c. Responsibility d. Accountability
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