Isolation of exosomes from human serum The initial volume of serum for the experiments was 4 mL per sample. The samples were diluted with an equal volume of PBS (AppliChem‚ St. Louis‚ MO) to decrease the viscosity. The diluted serum samples were centrifuged at 2‚000×g for 10 min and 10‚000×g for 30 min at 4 °C to remove dead cells and cell debris. The supernatant was transferred into Ultra-ClearTM tubes (Beckman Coulter‚ Indianapolis‚ IN) and centrifuged at 100‚000×g using a Beckman Optima XL-70
Premium Mass spectrometry
University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy EFFECT OF pH ON ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY Abogado‚ Paula Isabel‚ Agustin‚ Nikka Rebecca‚ Andres‚ Mary Anne B.‚ *Austria‚ Beatrice April‚ Baybay‚ Jan Miko Aaron 2BMT I. ABSTRACT pH greatly affects the activity of enzymes. There is a point or pH level where maximum activity of enzyme can be achieved‚ this is called optimum pH. Invertase was extracted from yeast and used as the detanured enzymes. Two sets of six test tubes were each added with different
Premium Enzyme PH
Organic Chemistry Laboratory – CH 200L (2012 – 2013) 2B-Ph Group 3 Experiment 1 Simple Distillation of Vodka Ancell Julienn C. Cruz Department of Pharmacy‚ Faculty of Pharmacy University of Santo Tomas‚ Espana Street‚ Manila 1008 Date Submitted: July 5‚ 2012 Abstract Distillation is a process of converting a liquid to a vapor‚ and then‚ collecting the distillate in another container. There are four distillation methods which are fractional distillation‚ simple distillation‚ vacuum
Premium Distillation Ethanol
Alkyl Halides Alkyl halides are a class of compounds where a halogen atom or atoms are bound to an sp3 orbital of an alkyl group. CHCl3 (Chloroform: organic solvent) CF2Cl2 (Freon-12: refrigerant CFC) CF3CHClBr (Halothane: anesthetic) Halogen atoms are more electronegative than carbon atoms‚ and so the C-Hal bond is polarized. H H μ C + C-l δ δ H The C-X bond is polarized in such a way that there is partial positive charge on the carbon and partial negative charge on the halogen. Dipole moment
Premium Solvent Nucleophile
Tarnas 1 Kulananalu Tarnas Professor Kirk Organic Chemistry Lab 8 March 2014 Project 4: Interconversion of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol and 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone Intro: It is truly incredible how the smallest differences between molecules can lead them to react and behave entirely differently. These differences are perhaps most highlighted in the medical field where stereochemistry of a molecule can be the difference between having a medically active‚ effective drug and a toxic‚ potentially
Premium Chlorine Alcohol
CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTAL REPORT SALLY LI INTRODUCTION: In chemistry‚ compounds can be distinguished by using the empirical formula. The formula provides the simplest positive integer ratio of elements in a compound. The empirical formula is largely useful in determining the ratio of elements within ionic compounds where the structure is of a non-directional nature of bonding where any ion at any time could be surrounded
Premium Oxygen Amount of substance Chemical element
Formal paper number 1 Professor Tolentino Maria Oyervide EXPERIMENT #4 IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS Abstract: This experiment was divided in four steps to find the electrical conductivity of covalent and ionic solutions. There were four unknown solutes A‚ B and C. Each had a specific weight and was dissolved in a certain amount of solute to form either the covalent or ionic solution. Covalent compounds are made up of molecules which are electrically neutral. Ionic compounds are composed
Free Electron Electric charge Ionic bond
Title Page Density Formal Lab Report Name Professors Name Date Purpose/Objective: Determine density of a product for a plastic manufacturing facility. Provide quality control by making sure the physical properties are within design specifications. Density is defined as the ratio of an object’s mass to its volume‚ measured by dividing mass by volume (density = mass/volume). This was accomplished using two different experimental methods‚ displacement and floatation. The theory is that
Premium Density Archimedes Water
Formal Practical Report Tittle: Rat dissection Date: 16/10/2013 Partners: Sanketh Yadav and Joel Chittiprolu 8C Aim: To investigate the rat’s digestive system and compare the differences and similarities of the organs with the Human’s digestive system and measure them. Materials/ Equipment: Lab court Nitrile Safety Gloves Camera or Phone to take pictures Scissors Probe Scalpel Rulers Nails Bench Plastic bag for excreting waste Eucalyptus Room spray Newspapers for keeping
Free Digestion
Investigation on the effects of Temperature‚ pH levels‚ and Enzyme Concentration on the reaction rate of the Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide by Catalase The purpose of this investigation is to figure out how temperature‚ pH‚ and enzyme concentration affect the reaction rate of an enzyme. It’s important to understand how certain factors affect enzymes because of their crucial role in the metabolic processes of life. Enzymes lower the activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction to
Premium Enzyme Metabolism