A phase transfer catalyst or PTC in chemistry is a catalyst which facilitates the migration of a reactant in a heterogeneous system from one phase into another phase where reaction can take place. Ionic reactants are often soluble in an aqueous phase but insoluble in an organic phase unless the phase transfer catalyst is present. Phase transfer catalysis (also PTC) refers to the acceleration of the reaction by the phase transfer catalyst. Phase transfer catalysts for anion reactants are often
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1. Introduction - What is Innovation? Innovation refers to the act of creating new products or processes. There are two main types of innovation: • Product innovation • Process innovation. Product innovation is the development of products that are new to the world or have superior attributes to existing products. Process innovation is the development of a new process for producing products and delivering them to customers. Examples include Toyota‚ which developed a range of new techniques
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disruptive innovation. Disruptive innovation was coined by Clayton Christensen. It explains the process of a product or service preliminary application initiating from the bottom of the market that replaces an already established product or service. (????) This theory has created a significant impact on management practices in all types of industries. It has created debates of how “executives and managers are in need of research that will elevate the pursuit of successful innovations from a gut-level
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Case study An analysis of 3M‚ the innovation company Introduction Any review of the literature on new product development and innovation management will uncover numerous references to 3M. The organisation is synonymous with innovation and has been described as ‘a smooth running innovation machine’ (Mitchell‚ 1989). Year after year 3M is celebrated in the Fortune 500 rankings as the ‘most respected company’ and the ‘most innovative company’. Management gurus from Peter Drucker to Tom Peters continually
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Marketing Innovation Strategy Marketing Innovation is a multifaceted occurrence‚ which can be operated in different ways. According to Doyle (1998) “Innovation in marketing is the latest analysis of the best practice and a unique collection of the empirical material describing both systems innovation and the launch of new product.” Refer to the article of Danaya Thongsima‚ the innovation studies have been composed of several diverse groups of researchers such as economists‚ management technologies
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Production management: Innovation and Research & Development: PHILIPS History of the company The company was founded in 1891 by Gerard Philips in Eindhoven‚ the Netherlands.Its first products were light bulbs ’and other electrotechnical equipment’. Its first factory remains as a museum. In 1914 it opened a research lab to improve its light bulbs and venture into new technologies. Thus‚ its research and innovation journey began. In the 1920s‚ the company started to manufacture other
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Paragraph 1 Quartz-type iron phosphate‚ FePO4‚ exists in different phases at different temperatures. At low temperatures‚ it exists in the α-quartz-type phase‚ while at high temperatures‚ it exists in the β-quartz-type phase. The α-β phase transition occurs at 980K. In terms of lattice symmetry‚ α-FePO4 exhibits a trigonal lattice system‚ whereas β-FePO4 exhibits a hexagonal lattice system. In terms of space symmetry‚ α-FePO4 belongs to the P3121 space group‚ while β-FePO4 belongs to the P6422 space
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Innovation is also very important to Goodwill Industries. “Innovation is the introduction of new goods and services” (Bateman and Snell‚ 2011‚ p. 9). While Goodwill Industries is distributing goods that are used‚ the services that are being offered are innovated. Goodwill has been improving the lives of many people by selling used goods at discounted rates and offering “job skills training and placement” (Social Media in Action: Goodwill Industries‚ 2011). Now Goodwill is networking to improve
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ENC 1101-12Creating a Thesis Statement and Basic Outline for a Process Analysis Essay Instructions: Please fill in the blue areas in Part 1 of this worksheet only and save the worksheet as a Word doc. (See detailed instructions about each area in Part 2.) Then‚ attach your completed worksheet to your drop box submission for Week 3. Part 1 Fill in A‚ B and C. A.) Select the one process you would like to analyze and type it here: I am going to show you how to build
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Open Innovation Innovation and entrepreneurship are at the heart of "creative destruction". In his book‚ Open Innovation‚ Henry Chesbrough describes a new paradigm of open innovation that is in contrast to the traditional closed model. To understand open innovation‚ it is worthwhile to review the older model of closed innovation. The Closed Innovation Model Under the concept of innovation that prevailed during most of the 20th century‚ companies attained competitive advantage by funding large
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