macroeconomics and is used by a broad array of economists‚ from libertarian‚ monetarist supporters of laissez-faire‚ such as Milton Friedman to Post-Keynesian supporters of economic interventionism‚ such as Joan Robinson. Brief history of demand curve and supply curve According to Hamid S. Hosseini‚ the power of supply and demand was understood to some extent by several early Muslim economists‚ such as Ibn Taymiyyah who illustrates- “If desire for goods increases while its availability decreases‚ its price
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Learning curve in psychology and economics The first person to describe the learning curve was Hermann Ebbinghaus in 1885. He found that the time required to memorize a nonsense word increased sharply as the number of syllables increased.[1] Psychologist‚ Arthur Bills gave a more detailed description of learning curves in 1934. He also discussed the properties of different types of learning curves‚ such as negative acceleration‚ positive acceleration‚ plateaus‚ and ogive curves.[2] In 1936‚ Theodore
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Behind the Curve Behind the Curve Globalization and International Terrorism Audrey Kurth Cronin he coincidence between the evolving changes of globalization‚ the inherent weaknesses of the Arab region‚ and the inadequate American response to both ensures that terrorism will continue to be the most serious threat to U.S. and Western interests in the twenty-ªrst century. There has been little creative thinking‚ however‚ about how to confront the growing terrorist backlash that has been unleashed
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The Bathtub Curve and Product Failure Behavior Part One - The Bathtub Curve‚ Infant Mortality and Burn-in by Dennis J. Wilkins Retired Hewlett-Packard Senior Reliability Specialist‚ currently a ReliaSoft Reliability Field Consultant This paper is adapted with permission from work done while at Hewlett-Packard. Reliability specialists often describe the lifetime of a population of products using a graphical representation called the bathtub curve. The bathtub curve consists of three periods: an
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factors that impact the shape of the yield curve but monetary authorities influence greatly the shape of the yield curve .Monetary authorities influence the shape of the yield curve by initiating either a contractionary monetary policy or an expansionary monetary policy.A yield curve is a line that plots the interest rates‚ at a set point in time‚ of bonds having equal credit quality‚ but differing maturity dates. The most frequently reported yield curve compares the three-month‚ two-year‚ five-year
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THE S-CURVE Introduction The first time most project managers become aware of the existence of S Curves is when they are requested by the client or senior management to include one in their next progress report. The following explains what the mysterious S Curve is‚ why it is an important project management tool‚ and how to generate one. What is a S Curve? A S Curve is defined as "a display of cumulative costs‚ labour hours or other quantities plotted against time. The name derives from
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Bacterial Energetics and Membranes Abstract The Mg2+/Ca2+ ATP synthase present in all bacterial membranes‚ particularly E. coli‚ couples ATP synthesis to the proton (H+) gradient produced by the ETC‚ a process known as oxidative phosphorylation. The gradient acts to power the ATPase‚ so that it may phosphorylate ADP to produce ATP. The reverse reaction of this process‚ or hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi‚ may be used to observe ATPase activity when the resulting Pi is quantitatively measured
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Limitations of the Lorenz Curve The Lorenz Curve illustrates the degree of equality (or inequality) of distribution of income in an economy. It plots the cumulative percentage of income received by cumulative shares of the population and includes a straight line to illustrate perfect income equality. Thus‚ the closer the Lorenz curve is to the straight line‚ the greater the equality in income distribution‚ while‚ the further away it is from the straight line‚ the more unequal the distribution
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LABORATORY EXERCISE 8-A: Preparation of Bacterial Smear and Simple Staining I. INTRODUCTION Bacterial smears are prepared for the purpose of viewing microorganisms under the microscope. Visualization of microorganisms in the living state is very difficult‚ not just because they are minute‚ but because they are transparent and almost colorless when suspended in an aqueous medium. A bacterial smear is a dried preparation of bacterial cells on a glass slide. Smears may be made from a dry culture
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The Laffer curve‚ named after the economist Arthur Laffer‚ is a curve that demonstrates the trade-off between tax-rates and tax-revenues (Wanniski 1978). It is used to illustrate the concept of taxable income elasticity‚ the idea that a government can maximise the revenue by setting the tax rates at an optimum point. This curve can be traced back as far as 1844 to a French economist Jules Dupit who in 1844 found similar effects as Laffer did (Laffer 2004). Dupit also saw tax revenues rising from
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