in 0 % concentration of lead acetate and maximum amount of lead (0.0011 mg/gm) was found in plant treated in (0.6%) concentration of lead acetate. The percentage germination for control‚ 0.2‚ 0.4‚ 0.6 percent lead acetate treated seedling was 89%‚ 88%‚ 86.66% and 83% respectively. The length of shoot was found much less in plant treated in 0.6% concentration of lead acetate (10 cm)‚ as compared to the length of shoot in plant treated with 0% concentration of lead acetate (8 cm). Length of roots was
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layer of caramelized sugar. There are many products of caramelization reaction. Diacetyl is one of them and this makes the food to smell like a butter. Another one is furans‚ which is in charge of a nutty smell. Others include esters‚ maltol‚ and ethyl
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Nitration of Acetanilide Introduction When organic compounds are nitrated it changes the composition and reaction of the compounds.[4] We could benefit from these changes‚ nitration of acetanilide produces a product called p- Nirtoanoline. P-Nitroaniline is commonly used as an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes‚ antioxidants‚ pharmaceuticals and gasoline. P-Nitroaniline is also used in gum inhibitors‚ poultry medicines and as a corrosion inhibitor. [2] Nitration is a type of chemical
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8. Melting point will tell you what active ingerdediant you are dealing with‚ confirm it through recording IR spectrum and then compare to online. 9. Run a TLC plate of isolated against solution of known compount. Eluent used is ethyl acetate containing .5% acetic acid. Spot reference containing acetaminophen and
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compounds‚ cyclohexane and toluene‚ was separated into fractions by the techniques of simple and fractional distillation. The individual fractions that were gathered from the distillation were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and used to compare the efficiencies of the two different distillation techniques. The ultimate goal of this experiment was to determine whether simple or fractional distillation was the more efficient means of separating volatile compounds. Key Experimental Details‚ Observations
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Experiment 14: Preparation of 1-Bromobutane Goal: To prepare 1-Bromobutane by the SN2 reaction from 1-Butanol with Sodium Bromide and Sulfuric Acid. Mechanism: Procedure: 1. Place 27g of NaBr‚ 20mL of n-butyl alcohol‚ and 30mL of water into a 250mL round bottom flask. 2. Put the mixture in an ice-water batch and cool briefly‚ then slowly add 23 mL of conc H2SO4 while stirring with a magnetic stirrer. 3. Place a water-cooled condenser and heat the flask until the mixture boils while
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reference compound. The composition of the unknown mixture and two single unknowns were determined by spotting the reference compounds and the unknown compounds on two TLC plates. Placed them in a developing chamber that contained 0.5% acetic acid in ethyl acetate solvent and observed the TLC plates under UV light after the TLC plates were taken out of the developing chamber. The known reference compounds portrayed spots and calculated Rf values that the unknown compounds matched to. This suggests that the
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INTERNATIONALE PHARMACEUTICA SCIENCIA | Jan-March 2011 | Vol. 1 | Issue 1 | Available online http://www.ipharmsciencia.com ©2011 IPS REVIEW ARTICLE Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review ABSTRACT Plants are a source of large amount of drugs comprising to different groups such as antispasmodics‚ emetics‚ anti-cancer‚ antimicrobials etc. A large number of the plants are claimed to possess the antibiotic properties in the traditional system and are also used extensively by the tribal people
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Synthesis of Phenols You can prepare phenols in large quantities by the pyrolysis of the sodium salt of benzene sulfonic acid‚ by the Dow process‚ and by the air oxidation of cumene. Each of these processes is described below. You can also prepare small amounts of phenol by the peroxide oxidation of phenylboronic acid and the hydrolysis of diazonium salts. Pyrolysis of sodium benzene sulfonate In this process‚ benzene sulfonic acid is reacted with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The resulting salt
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Over the past four years‚ the rate of autism diagnosed has increased over 30%. Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which the diagnosed exhibit social and behavioral deficits. Since autism is a life-long impairment‚ researchers are attempting to rapidly find the causes in the hope to find a cure. It is theorized that prenatal hormone exposure could potentially result in ASD. Therefore‚ the prenatal hormones estradiol and dihydrotestosterone were subcutaneously injected into
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