CLASSIFICATION TESTS A. Acids There are relatively few suitable tests for carboxylic acids. Classification is based mostly upon solubility tests. If the compound is water soluble‚ test the aqueous solution of your compound with pH paper (also check the pH of the original water). If the compound is water-insoluble and it dissolves in 5% (1.5M) sodium hydroxide and 5% NaHCO3 solutions as performed in your solubility tests‚ it can be classified as a carboxylic acid. Establish an equivalence value
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beaker by using a measuring cylinder. The temperature of the liquid was measured. 2. 10 cm3 of cyclohexane was added to the ethanol in the beaker. It was then mixed well and the lowest temperature attained was recorded. B. 1. 10 cm3 of ethanol was added into an insulated 50 cm3 beaker by using a measuring cylinder. The temperature of the liquid was measured. 2. 20 cm3 of cyclohexane was added to the ethanol in the beaker. It was then mixed well and the lowest temperature attained
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technique‚ identify the components by their retention times‚ and compute for the concentration and percentage content of each component by their peak areas and peak heights. The volatile oil from eucalyptus leaves was isolated with the use of steam distillation setup‚ then using a separatory funnel to pipette out the extract from the distillate. A gas chromatography‚ with nitrogen gas as the carrier gas and a flame ionization detector‚ was used to separate and characterize the components of the essential
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CE : Section 5 Fossil Fuels 1. 93 1(c) Alkenes can be obtained from petroleum fractions by a process called ’cracking’. Using a suitable petroleum fraction‚ a student carried out this process in the laboratory and collected the gaseous product over water. (i) What is ’cracking’ ? (ii) Draw a labelled diagram of a laboratory set-up that can be used for carrying out the process and collecting the gaseous product. (iii) An important safety precaution in the experiment is to prevent sucking
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are mainly used in synthetic organic chemistry. The main source of polynuclear aromatic compounds is coal tar. For example‚ naphthalene is the largest single constituent (6 - 10%) of coal tar. It is mainly found in middle oil fraction of coal tar distillation. Anthracene is mainly extracted from green oil fraction of coal tar. Generally polynuclear aromatic compounds are carcinogenic and toxic in nature. Benzene is the simplest aromatic compound with C6H6 molecular formula and contains three pi bonds
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Organic Chemistry Laboratory II ABSTRACT: The purpose of this lab was to separate and purify two unknown compounds‚ one solid and one liquid‚ from an ethereal solution using the techniques of chemically active extraction‚ vacuum filtration‚ simple distillation‚ and recrystallization. Then identifying information was compiled about these unknowns by obtaining experimental melting/boiling point ranges‚ and analyzing IR and proton/carbon NMR spectrums It was determined that the unknown solid’s identity
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hydrocarbons‚ which are molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen. They are made up of carbon atoms linked together by only single covalent bonds and are known as saturated hydrocarbons. Many alkanes are obtained from crude oil by fractional distillation. The smallest alkanes are used extensively as fuels. Apart from burning‚ however‚ they are remarkably unreactive. Alkane Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Alkene Ethene Propene Butene Pentene Alkane Methane Ethane
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acetone Ice cyclohexane sodium chloride Lab Safety: Wear protective googles‚ apron‚ and gloves. Procedures: Prepare ice/salt/water bath Place 50g of solid NaCl in a 400mL beaker and add just enough water to dissolve the salt. Fill an 800mL beaker 2/3 full of ice‚ and then pour salt water mixture into the beaker‚ stir. In the hood‚ into two nested test tubes‚ add 10 mL of cyclohexane from a buret. Record initial and final buret readings. Then measure the volume of the cyclohexane to the nearest
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Energy in the form of fossil fuels‚ can it meet all of society’s needs or is it time for us to look at other alternatives before it is too late? The increasing pollution and price of energy has once again ignited the debate about options for future energy. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon deposits also known as coal‚ crude oil and gas derived from the remains of organic prehistoric plants and animals. They have taken many millions of years to form. Coal is ground to a fine dust when crushed and
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Diels-Alder Synthesis of Exo-Norbornene-cis-5‚6-Dicarboxylic Anhydride for Organic Chemistry Laboratory Instruction Kyle Myers and Dr. James Roark University of Nebraska at Kearney‚ Department of Chemistry‚ Kearney‚ NE 68849 Abstract A technique for the Diels-Alder synthesis of endo-norbornene-cis-5‚6dicarboxylic anhydride and its stereoisomer‚ exo-norbornene-cis-5‚6-dicarboxylic anhydride‚ is explained. To prove that each stereoisomer was made in the experiment and to distinguish between the
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