mixed solution. 5. A mixture of ortho‚ meta‚ and para cresoles dissolved in cyclohexane may be analyzed spectrophotometrically because each exhibits an absorption in a region where absorption due to the other cresols is negligible. The absorption maxima occur at 752nm‚ 776nm‚ and 815nm for ortho‚ meta‚ and para cresols‚ respectively. To test the validity of Beer’s Law for solutions of cresols‚ each is made up in cyclohexane at a series of concentrations and the absorbances measured. Data obtained are
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Introduction to Alkane Nomenclature A. Determining the Priority of Functional Groups. What’s in a name? 3-ethyl-5-(1-methylpropyl)-4‚4-dimethylnonane Too big a subject to cover on one sheet! This paper will focus on alkanes. Determining functional group priority will be the subject of a subsequent sheet. suffix http://masterorganicchemistry.com D. Applying the Lowest Locator Rule F. Dealing With Branched Substituents (the IUPAC Way) Number the chain from one end so as
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Prefix divide by Pico- Nano- milli- 0.000‚000‚000‚001 0.000‚000‚001 0.001 centi- 0.01 deci- 0.1 deka- 10 hecto- 100 Kilo- 1‚000 Mega 1 kcal = 1000 cal 1 Cal= 1 kcal 1 cal = 4.184 1‚000‚000 • Neutral atoms contain the same number of electrons and protons. • Components of a mixture can be separated (purified) by physical means. • Physical changes alter a substance without any changes to the chemical composition. • Chemical change involves breaking
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1 Turpentine oil 2 Phenol 3 Toluene 4 BF-3 Acetate 5 Soda Ash Recipe Sr no Raw material In kg 1 Turpentine oil (pinene ) 1455 2 Phenol (100%) 430 3 toluene 900 4 BF-3 acetate 50 5 Soda ash 2 Water for washing 2000 kg TOTAL 2837 YIELD 1925 KG Terpene Phenolic Resin (Polymerization Reaction). Turpentine Oil/ + Phenol + BF3 Catalyst +Toluene Pinene (on 100% basis)
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is to convert toluene to nitrotoluene through the process of aromatic nitration. This is done by electrophilic aromatic substitution. The aromatic organic compound‚ toluene‚ is reacted under mild conditions with an electrophile‚ the nitronium ion‚ resulting in a product of nitrotoluene. Failure to use mild conditions may result in polynitration. Different reaction conditions were studied to understand the effect of nitrating agent concentrations on the results. Initially‚ toluene is combined
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apparatus Test solutions: 0.2 M solutions in ethyl acetate: Benzene‚ chlorobenzene‚ phenol‚ nitrophenol‚ aniline and acetanilide. Measuring pipettes (5 mL) micro test tubes 0.05 M Br2 in 90% CH3COOH Pasteur pipettes 0.05 M Br2 in cyclohexane II. Schematic Diagram of the Procedure Relative Rates of Bromination Add 2 drops of 0.05 M Br2 in 90% CH3COOH to 2 drops each of the test solutions in a micro test tube. Add 2 drops of 0.05 M Br2 in 90% CH3COOH to 2
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MODULE 1: THE CHEMICAL EARTH 3.1.1: Elements in Earth are present mostly as compounds because of interactions at the atomic level * Identify that matter is made of particles that are continuously moving and interacting Matter: anything that has mass and occupies space. Exists in three different states: solid (s)‚ liquid (l) and gas (g) The Particle Theory: “All matter is made up of small‚ indivisible particles called atoms that are continuously moving” | Solid | Liquid | Gas | Particle
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Chemistry F332 Notes Ions in solids and solutions: Structure of an ionic lattice (Sodium Chloride): * Consists of sodium ions (Na+) surrounded by six chloride ions (Cl-) * Chloride ions also surrounded by six sodium ions. * Held together by attraction of oppositely charged ions. * Giant ionic lattice. * Electrostatic bonds hold lattices together. * Structure is simple cubic. * Some ionic crystals contain water. * Known as water of crystallisation. * These crystals
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Mueller CE‚ Gibbs HR. Toluene sniffing and severe sinus bradycardia. Ann Intern Med. 1985;10(3):103:482. 29. Taylor GJ‚ Harris WS. Glue sniffing causes heart block in mice. Science. 1970; 170(3960):866–8. 30. Wiseman MN‚ Banim S. ‘Glue-sniffer’s heart? Br Med J. 1987; 294(6574):739. 31. Carder Jr‚ Fuerst RS. Myocardial infarction after toluene inhalation. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1997; 13(2):117–9. 32. Vural M‚ Ogel K. Dilated cardiomyopathy associated with toluene abuse. Cardiology
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Objective: The objective of this lab was to find and examine the viscosities of ideal and non-ideal solutions. The ideal being the toluene/p-xylene and the non-ideal being the methanol/water. The second objective of this lab was to investigate the temperature dependence of viscosity (Halpern‚ 17-1). Introduction: Viscosity is the resistance to flow of a certain fluid. In this experiment two solutions are used. According to the definition of viscosity mobile liquids have a relatively
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