Muscle adaptations to the increase in energy demands at the start of exercise Introduction The transition from rest to exercise is associated with a huge upsurge in energy expenditure‚ due primarily to skeletal muscle contractions (Connett & Sahlin‚ 1996). Contractions require energy in the form of adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP). ATP stores in muscle are around 8mmol/l and are exhausted within 2s of exercise (Connett & Sahlin‚ 1996). To continue exercise and maintain ATP homeostasis‚ ATP
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recessive “mini-muscle” phenotype in mice. Smaller body size and muscles as well as increased maximal oxygen intake are observed in mice with the “mini-muscle” phenotype. This observation raises an issue about why the selectively bred mice with the “mini-muscle” phenotype have reduced triceps and thigh muscle mass as they are able to cover greater distances; due to faster running speed‚ on an activity wheel compared to normal mice. However‚ greater exercise and load is thought to result in muscle hypertrophy
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There are three phases for muscle cell contraction: initiation of action potential in the sarcolemma‚ excitation-contraction coupling‚ and contraction‚ sliding of the myofilaments. ATP and calcium ions are two essential elements for muscle contraction. When ATP attaches to the myosin head‚ it gets hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi. Calcium ions bind to the troponin molecules and help expose the binding sites of actin filaments to allow for the attachment of the myosin heads. After the sliding of the myofilaments
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Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to use the muscle tension and the electrical activity in the dominant and non-dominant forearm muscle‚ the flexor digitorum superficialis‚ to analyze the determinants of muscle tension and fatigue‚ and the reasons as to why differences may occur between the dominant and non-dominant arm. The generation of tension in a muscle is determined by the major type of motor unit being recruited‚ as well as the rate in which action potentials are being fired. A subject
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Prior to injecting the neurotoxin‚ Tubocurare‚ inside the gastrocnemius muscle‚ a control was established. The baseline was maintained approximately at 20 grams. The control used the maximum voltage of 0.75 volts for the stimulus input. As a result‚ the tension produced 68.13 grams of force. The moment Tubocurare was infused into the gastrocnemius muscle‚ the muscle tension dropped to 47.7 grams of force. Data was recorded for 10 minutes‚ and as predicted prior to the experiment‚ the tension trend
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2: Physiology Lab Skeletal Muscle Physiology Student Name: Lab Summary Worksheet Directions: Read the following directions before starting the lab. Before starting each lab Activity‚ read the Overview and Introduction. This information will help you understand what you are doing in the lab. You do not have to pdf your lab – the only thing that you will submit for grading is this lab report. You will have to answer the Stop and Think Questions that are embedded in the lab instructions
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Leopard Frog Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class: Amphibia Order: Anura Genus: Rana Species: Rana pipiens I. Purpose: To examine the frog externally and internally by dissection. II. Materials: 1. Frog 2. Dissection pan 3. Manual 4. Dissection utensils III. Methods: A. External: The dissectors set up for their lab by getting the following materials: the frog‚
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Background: As members of the class Amphibia‚ frogs may live some of their adult lives on land‚ but they must return to water to reproduce. Eggs are laid and fertilized in water. On the outside of the frog’s head are two external nares‚ or nostrils; two tympani‚ or eardrums; and two eyes‚ each of which has three lids. The third lid‚ called the nictitating membrane‚ is transparent. Inside the mouth are two internal nares‚ or openings into the nostrils; two vomerine teeth in the middle of the roof
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Dissecting out the gastrocnemius muscle Completely cut the skin around the lower abdomen. Then cut down between the legs to free the skin around one leg from the rest of the skin‚ cut any attachments of the skin to the body. Holding the upper part of the frog firmly in one hand pull the skin down off of the leg. Be careful when pull the skin off around the knee as it is attached more firmly there. Place the frog dorsal side up in the tray and make sure to keep the muscles moist with ringer solution
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2/14/2012 Anatomy and Physiology Muscle Grip Strength Lab Report Introduction: Skeletal muscle is a form of striated muscle tissue existing under the voluntary control of the somatic nervous system (Medscape 1). Skeletal muscle is part of the three big muscle types‚ it is connected to bones by tendons (Medscape 1). Muscle grip strength is significant to an individual because it helps the person know the ability of muscle power and force that they have in their
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