(r) = 3% Design period (x) = 20 years CBR= 7% Number of lanes= 2 Width of carriage way =7.50m Width of shoulder = 1.00m Initial Annual Commercial Traffic for one direction‚ v0 vo=ADFNo.of counted vehicles×Pc100×365 =45002×40100×365 vo=328500 Total number of commercial vehicles for one direction over a period of 20 years. x=20 v0=328500 r=3% vc=vo1+rx-1r vc=3285001+0.0320-10.03 vc=8826918.02 Total Equivalent Axles (ESA) ESA=vee Road equivalent factor (e) =3 =8826918.02×3 ESA=2
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Oxygen Exchange and Transport Oxygen exchange or respiration takes place at a respiratory surface; a boundary between the external environment and the interior of the body. Gas exchange is the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide (the respiratory gases) move in opposite directions across an organism’s respiratory membranes‚ between the air or water of the external environment and the body fluids of the internal environment. Oxygen is needed by cells to extract energy from organic molecules
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to certain defense mechanisms in order control their feelings of stress or insecurity‚ such as resorting to drugs. Nonetheless many people don’t know how dangerous it can be on their bodies. The use of drugs can have a huge impact on the communication between cells. Cell communication is a crucial process necessary for cells to carry out various functions. Drugs such as Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‚ known as ecstasy‚ can create barriers or confusion to cells. Cell to cell communication carry
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Membrane Transport Christopher Gaita‚ Deija Williams‚ Elisabeth Johnston & Megan Lade University of Phoenix (Online Campus) Amy Sullivan Introduction: Membrane Transport • What is membrane transport • Types – – – – Diffusion Osmosis Active Transport Endocytosis/Exocytosis Photo Courtesy Of: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/celmem.html Osmosis • Example: A semipermeable membrane bag containing a 30% sugar solution is placed in a beaker of pure water. – Diffusion or osmosis
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Transportation and Logistics Goals Amanda Contreras November 16‚ 2012 640 The central goal of my company is to keep retail prices low. Working with suppliers to ensure their prices are constantly low‚ but also means price changes are kept to a minimum. Aiming to become lowest cost producer‚ the firm can compete on the price with every other industries and earn higher unit profits. Cost reduction provides the focus of the organization strategy. It targets a broad
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lifespan extension. Mitchell S. Kirby 121 Little Hall Princeton University Princeton‚ NJ 08544 Advisor: Dr. Leon Rosenberg May 4th‚ 2010 This paper represents my own work in accordance with University regulations. Abstract The mechanisms that regulate cellular senescence‚ organismal ageing‚ and species-specific lifespan depend on a synergy of pathways that are multifactorial and extremely complex‚ though not yet completely understood. Recently‚ the development of new molecular techniques
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Transport System of Organisms Problems faced by Multicellular Organisms: a)Big size-the total surface area to volume (TSA/V) is decreased . Rate of diffusion of substances into and out of all body cells is low. b)Cells are often located far away from the external surface of the body. How multicellular organism overcome these problem? a)Have specialized structure to increase the surface area for the exchange of respiration gases. b)Have transport system to get gases respiration in and
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Gaseous exchange and transport Movement of chemicals in plants and animals -Chemicals that are being moved into the body‚ within the body or out of the body are gases‚ this movement is known as gaseous exchange. -The gases being moved in our out of the body need to move across the surface area of the body‚ in most cases a special surface area has been developed. -The surface that the gases cross is called the respiratory surface and the gases move across this surface by the process of diffusion
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keep it at the set point. All homeostatic mechanisms use a feedback loop to inform the body about any changes that occur externally or internally. There are two different kinds of homeostatic mechanisms: a positive feedback mechanism and a negative feedback mechanism. Positive feedback mechanisms boost physiological processes and amplify the system’s action to move the system away from the equilibrium state so it is more stable. Negative feedback mechanisms‚ on the other hand‚ maintain equilibrium
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The Basic Mechanisms of Homeostasis Overview of homeostasis The term homeostasis was first coined by Walter Cannon in 1929 to literally mean ‘steady state’. It describes the dynamic equilibrium by which internal constancy is maintained within set limits by regulation and control. There are many examples of homeostatic control throughout the human body and in other living organisms‚ such as pH‚ pressure‚ and temperature. A concept important to homeostasis is the process of feedback circuits;
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