alkenes and alkynes have π bonds‚ which are much weaker than bonds‚ they are far more chemically reactive than alkanes Bond Angles in Alkenes and Alkynes According to VSEPR theory: Three groups in a double bond are bonded at 120° angles. Alkenes are flat: atoms in a C=C lie in the same plane. The groups attached to a triple bond are at 180° angles. 6 Naming Alkenes The names of alkenes Use the corresponding alkane name. Change the ending to ene. Alkene IUPAC Common H2C=CH2 ethene
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2-(2‚4-Dinitrobenzyl) pyridine Peter Defnet and Cody Krepps Department of Chemstry Juniata College Huntingdon‚ PA September 18‚ 2012 Abstract: Nitration of 2-benzylpyridine is supposed to yield 2-(2‚4-Dinitrobenzyl) pyridine‚ when electrophilic aromatic substitution is the mechanism. Experiencing many pitfalls‚ however‚ has lead to the actual product obtained to contain the expected product‚ as well as many impurities. This report examines the supposed mechanism for the electrophilic substitution
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responsible for the reactivity of the benzene. Aniline and acetanilide contain amine groups‚ which are electron-donating. Chlorobenzene contains chlorine‚ which is electron-withdrawing. Phenol contains a hydroxyl group. Oxygen‚ being electronegative‚ was suspected to be electron-withdrawing and hence it took longer time for the bromine to react with benzene. Nitrophenol contains two substituents‚ one of which is a nitro group which is electron-withdrawing. 2.) Sources of error if actual and theoretical
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reactions d. Reduction of aldehydes and reagents used for that reaction. e. Fischer esterification including identification of nucleophile‚ catalyst‚ and leaving group. f. Reaction of acid chlorides to produce alcohols. g. Reaction of carbonyl compounds with amines to produce amides including identification of nucleophile‚ catalyst‚ and leaving group. 3. Identify the order of acidity in substituted benzoic acids. 4. Identify the order of reactivity of derivatives of carboxylic acids. 5. Describe both
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alpha Carbon of the aldehyde or ketone and carbonyl carbon of another ketone or aldehyde. Aldol condensation is different from aldol condensation reaction. For aldol addition reaction‚ the alpha carbon of one aldehyde or ketone adds to the carbonyl group of the other ketone or aldehyde. This process creates a beta-hydroxy carbonyl‚ which is called aldol. For the aldol condensation reaction‚ the beta-hydroxy carbonyl that the alpha-hydrogen then goes on dehydration to form alpha-beta-unsaturated carbonyl
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Glen Huang Period 9 Synthesis of Isopentyl Acetate Purpose: To prepare isopentyl acetate from isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid by the Fischer esterification reaction. Materials: West condenser‚ 250 mL round bottomed flask‚ two 250 mL flasks‚ heating mantle‚ boiling chips‚ graduated cylinder‚ sodium bicarbonate‚ isopentyl alcohol‚ glacial acetic acid‚ concentrated sulfuric acid‚ separatory funnel Procedure: 1. Place 50 mL of isopentyl alcohol in a 250 mL round bottom flask and add 60 mL
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THEORY: The Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction was discovered by Otto Diels and Kurt Alder and is very useful in the synthesis of polycyclic compounds. The Diels-Alder reaction can be described as: [4+2] cycloaddition- a diene with 4 π electrons + 2π electrons from the dienophile; a pericyclic concerted reaction- meaning the reaction occurs in a single step (no intermediates) and involves a cyclic redistribution of bonding electrons. In order for a Diels-Alder reaction to take place
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Purpose Acetophenetidin can be formed through two methods‚ Williamson ether synthesis and amide synthesis. By working in groups of two we were able to complete both methods of synthesis routes. The end result should be the synthesis of a similar product‚ by verification between the two individuals. Reaction Experiment and Observations Amide Synthesis of Acetophenetidin The Synthesis reaction began by removing the colored impurities from the p-phenetidine‚ accomplished by mixing
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CH] 2 N – Li + Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) Alkylation of Acetylides Acetylide anions are both strong bases and good nucleophiles They undergo nucleophilic displacement reactions with alkyl halides to form new C-C bonds to alkyl groups; that is‚ they undergo alkylation
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Introduction A polymer is a large molecule comprised of numerous smaller molecules. It is possible for these large molecules to be linear‚ moderately branched‚ or highly interconnected. In the latter case the structure progresses into a large three-dimensional complex. The small molecules that serve as the basic building blocks for these large molecules are known as monomers (See Figure 1.1). An example of the relationship between a monomer and polymer is the commercially important material polyvinylchloride
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