CELL INJURY: CAUSES OF CELL INJURY‚ MECHANISMS OF REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE CELL INJURY. CELL INJURY. Causes of cell injury range from gross mechanical external causes to mild endogenous causes as genetic lack of enzymes etc. Virtually all forms of tissue injuries start with molecular or structural alterations in cells. Under normal conditions‚ the cells are in: ❖ homeostastatic „steady“ state Normal cell is confined to relatively narrow range of functions and structure by
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tool in microbiology is the microscope. One of the first to use a microscope to observe microorganisms was Robert Hooke‚ the English biologist who observed algae and fungi in the 1660s. In the 1670s‚ “Anton van Leeuwenhoek‚ a Dutch merchant‚ constructed a number of simple microscopes and observed details of numerous forms of protozoa‚ fungi‚ and bacteria” (Introduction to Microscopes‚ n.d.). During the 1700s‚ microscopes were used to further explore on the microbial world‚ and by the late 1800s‚ the
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The industrial attachment is an important part of the course structure of the university. This is the time students appreciate the theoretical work done in the lecture halls when seen practically. This attachment introduces the student to the outside world in terms of working experience and also prepares them for the future. The department of applied biology therefore introduced the industrial attachment program in its learning curriculum to give students a chance to combine
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their role in the solubilization process by identification and quantification of these OAKhan et al. 2010; Marra et al.( 2012 ) In natural conditions or under in vitro conditions OA produced by many P-solubilizers‚ for example‚ bacterial cultures or fungi ‚ chelate mineral ions or lowers the pH to bring P into solution. ((Pradhan and Shukla 2005 Khan et
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Gracillicutes‚ Firmicutes‚ Tenericutes‚ and Mendosciutes What kingdoms are procaryotic organisms classified? Monera and What domains are procaryotic organisms classified? Archae and Bacteria Description of the following including‚ Gram stain‚ Morphology‚ and Genus species of common representative organisms & significant characteristics organisms & examples Enterobacteriaceae (enterics) -Gram neg.‚ rod shaped fermenting sugars to produce lactic acid. Ex: Salmonella‚ E. coli‚ Shigella Micrococcaceae-
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31 Fungi Though fungal divisions have traditionally been based on modes of sexual reproduction‚ molecular considerations are becoming more important. Consequently‚ no emphasis has been placed on the vagaries of sexual and asexual reproduction among various fungi in this Test Bank. Instead‚ new questions assess students’ abilities to think logically about fungal morphology‚ genetics‚ and ecology. Two new sets of scenario questions deal with the biology of microsporidians and chytrids‚ fungi thought
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Review Sheet Exercise I: Survey of Higher Microorganisms: Protozoa‚ Fungi‚ and Helminths Protozoa (group of Kingdom Protista) 1. Amoeba a. nucleus- dark center of the cell b. food vacuole- They feed by taking nutrients into the cell by diffusion and packaging it into (clear circles spread throughout the cell) c. pseudopod- “false foot”; the motility results from the streaming of the protoplasm that forms the process 2. Entamoeba causes amoebiasis or amoebic dysentery‚
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plant or an animal… So what is it? Mold is a fungus (in the fungi kingdom) that comes from tiny spores in the air. It cannot get energy from the sun like plants and animals do. For mold to grow‚ it needs to have water‚ oxygen‚ a food source‚ and temperatures that are 40-100 degrees Fahrenheit. High humidity gives off moisture for the mold to grow. Mold starts to grow when there is a dust layer on an object. Also‚ when the material is wet for at least a day or two (24-48 hours) Once there is a thin
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GURUKULAM Syllabus for Recruitment Test Category of Post: PGT – Biological Science Part – I GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND CURRENT AFFAIRS (Marks: 08) Part – II CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND PEDAGOGY (Marks: 08) 1. Development of Child Development‚ Growth & Maturation – Concept & Nature‚ Principles of development‚ Factors influencing Development – Biological‚ Psychological‚ Sociological‚ Dimensions of Development and their interrelationships – Physical & Motor‚ Cognitive‚ Emotional‚ Social‚ Moral‚ Language relating
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Life Concept 1.2 Organizing the diversity of life Diversity the hallmark of life So far about 1.8 million specie have been identified and named by biologists To this date‚ diversity of life includes at least 6300 species of prokaryotes 100000 fungi 290000 plants 52000 vertebrates 1 million insects Researchers add about 1000 more species each year Total number of species range from 10 million to over 100 million Grouping Species: The Basic Idea Taxonomy branch of biology that names and
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