Importance of National Income Statistics There are several important uses of national income statistics and‚ therefore‚ there is great need for their regular preparation. National income estimates provide not only a single figure showing the national income‚ but also supply the detailed figures in regard to the various components of the national income. It is both the figure of national income and the details regarding its various constituents that throw light on the functioning and performance
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4-1 4 Income Statement Usefulness Predicting future performance. 4-2 Evaluate past performance. Help assess the risk or uncertainty of achieving future cash flows. Income Statement Limitations Companies omit items that cannot be measured reliably. 4-3 Income is affected by the accounting methods employed. Income measurement involves judgment. Income Statement Quality of Earnings Companies have incentives to manage income to meet or
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Gas Price Elasticity The Energy Information Administration of the Department of Energy began tracking weekly gasoline prices in 1990 by means of a survey of 800 service stations around the country. The average retail price for unleaded gasoline posted its fourth record high during the week of June 12‚ 2000‚ increasing 5 cents a gallon to an average of $1.681. The price at the pump is higher than the same period last year by 56 cents and has risen 16.2 cents over the past month (Anonymous‚ 2000)
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National Income Determination Introduction • A key objective of Macroeconomics is to explain GDP growth and its fluctuations • Therefore‚ need to understand the forces that determine GDP (“National Income”) • John Maynard Keynes in his “General Theory of Employment‚ Interest and Money” (1936) developed a model of income determination • Known as Keynesian Theory of Income Determination • Aggregate spending / demand determines the level of aggregate output Concepts and Functions Actual
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Case 5-1 Income Smoothing a. Firstly‚ investors tend to invest in companies with stable earnings rather than one with volatile earnings. With stable earnings‚ there will be more likely an issuance of dividends and investors could easily predict the company’s future earnings compared to one with unstable earnings. With consistent earnings generated‚ it gives investors a secured feeling that it will again generate earnings as predicted. Confidence in the growth of rate of earnings is crucial because
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Income Effect The equilibrium of the consumer is obtained on the basis of the assumption that the income level of the consumer remains constant and prices of the two commodities also remain constant. When income of the consumer changes or when any price level changes the equilibrium position will be affected. When income increases‚ prices of the commodities remaining the same‚ the budget line shifts parallel to the right. This happens because there is a change in the intercept part of the equation
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“Family Income” Wage- Is the money amount receive daily for rendering service. Received by unskilled semiskilled‚ and skilled workers or blue-collar workers. A salary is the amount of money received monthly by professionals or white-collar workers. IN ADDITION TO WAGES OR SALARIES‚ SOME FAMILIES HAVE OTHER SOURCE OF INCOME THIS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: 1. Dividends from investments in bonds & stock. 2. Gifts from relatives & friends. 3. Inheritance. 4. Rentals from apartments
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JUSTUS-LIEBIGUNIVERSITÄT GIESSEN Andreas Bausch / Barbara E. Weißenberger / Marcus Blome Is market value-based residual income a superior performance measure compared to book value-based residual income? Working Paper 1 / 2003 – Arbeitspapiere Industrielles Management und Controlling – Herausgeber: Professur für Betriebswirtschaftslehre mit dem Schwerpunkt Industrielles Management und Controlling (Prof. Dr. Barbara E. Weißenberger) Justus-Liebig-Universität‚ Gießen http://wiwi
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How Chromatography Helps The Human Race Chromatography is the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension or as a vapor (as in gas chromatography) through a medium in which the components move at different rates. “Chromatography is done by making of a mixture move past the solids‚ or across the surface of a solid‚ like paper. The mixture is poured onto a solid surface. As the different components of the liquid run down the solid‚ some of them move more slowly than other. A component
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enhanced pay may also motivate employees. Staff Training: No matter how automated an organization or a library may be‚ high productivity depends on the level of motivation and the effectiveness of the workforce. Staff training is an indispensable strategy for motivating workers. The library organization must have good training programme. This will give the librarian or information professional opportunities for self-improvement and development to meet the challenges and requirements of new equipment
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