“Decoding Neanderthals” Neanderthals are an extinct species shown as our ancestors.They began to disappear 40‚000 years ago as Homo sapiens came on the scene. They are a branch of the human family tree and are considered to have been primitive with no verbal language. Many believe them to have a lack of intelligence but science is proving the theory wrong. History shows Neanderthals as undeveloped humans‚ but the possibilities of their lifestyle being more advance than the lifestyle of modern
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developmental stage or physiological condition. It includes all the mRNA transcripts in a cell‚ reflecting genes that are actively expressed at any given time. An understanding of the transcriptome is essential for interpreting the functional elements of the genome and the development and disease. The key aims of transcriptomics are: cataloguing all species of transcript; determining gene transcriptional structure; and quantifying expression levels of each transcript during development and under different conditions
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Woese – what did he contribute? What kind of biological molecules are best to generate phylogenetic trees‚ and why? How does this compare to enzymes? 4.) What defines a species (formal definitions)? 5.) What are open genomes? What are closed genomes? What is meant by the ‘core’ genome? 6.) Archaea are usually found in what kind of environments? How does this support Woese’s hypothesis for three domains of life? What does this likely say about early evolution on Earth? 7.) Archaea – no established
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Sharon Bernardi has had seven children. All but one died just a few hours after birth‚ while the survivor lived with extreme defects until his passing at age 21. At first the doctors could not figure out what was causing the seemingly healthy babies to suddenly pass away‚ but after her fourth baby‚ they found that it was from a deadly disease called Leigh’s syndrome‚ an abnormality in the mitochondria that the mother passes on to her children. Leigh’s syndrome causes severe psychomotor regression
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid‚ it is located in the nuclei of cells which make up the body. DNA is quite often referred to as one of the building blocks of the body.. It is made up of four bases known as: • Adenine • Guanine • Cytosine • Thymine James Watson‚ Francis Crick‚ Maurice Wilkins‚ Rosalind Franklin Crick and Watson‚ together with Maurice Wilkins‚ won the 1962 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their 1953 determination of the structure of
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and as the laboratory mouse which is one of the most important model organisms in biology and medicine. It is by far the most commonly used genetically altered laboratory mammal. Mouse and man The sequence of the mouse genome was published in 2002. "The mouse and human genomes are very similar‚" says Dr Jackson. "There are a relatively small number of rearrangements‚ and the gene content is pretty much the same. Some gene families have expanded in the mouse‚ such as those involved in scent recognition
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8.3 POLYMORPHISMS DETECTED BY PCR Without a doubt‚ the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) represents the single most important technique in the field of molecular biology today. What PCR accomplishes in technical terms can be described very simply — it allows the rapid and unlimited amplification of specific nucleic acid sequences that may be present at very low concentrations in very complex mixtures. Within less than a decade after its initial development‚ it has become a critical tool for all practicing
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AP Bio - Modern Genetics Protein Synthesis • Start with primer • New strand is 5’ to 3’ • TATA Box - TTAATTAA • RNA Polymerase - Reads and matches bases (One recipe; only reads leading strand) • Single strand produced; mRNA • Now produced pre-mRNA (You need exon‚ not intron) • Introns create spaces‚ need ligase to connect exons to make true mRNA. • Adds a poly A tail (on 3’ side) and 5’ (prime) cap (on 5’ side) used for defense • Leaves through pore to ribosome. • Messenger RNA will attach to
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Genome editing technology that manipulates DNA freely has been receiving much attention in recent years. Among them‚ Crispa CAS 9 (CRISPR / CAS 9) is supposed to be a winner of the Nobel prize in the past few years. In fact‚ the discovery that was the basis of this technology was done by Professor Yoshinaga Ishino (then a researcher at the Institute for Microbiological Diseases‚ Osaka University) of the Institute of Agricultural Sciences‚ Kyushu University. Mr. Ishino found the repeating sequence
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Question 3 5 marks Briefly describe some applications of PCR technology. ------------------------------------------------- Dr L. Roden Genomics and genome sequencing 15 Marks Question 4 4 marks Describe the similarities and differences between the hierarchical shotgun genome sequencing and whole-genome shotgun sequencing strategies. Question 5 4 marks Explain
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