Vaccinations that act through different mechanisms provide methods of best containing viral spread. The significance that comes with vaccinations is understanding the herd mentality that medicine follows. In order to best protect a large population‚ it is not necessary‚ and is nearly impossible‚ to vaccinate all members of that community. However‚ vaccinations still prove to be effective methods of preventing diseases. This occurs by ensuring that an infected person is most likely to come into contact
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of the cell-free DNA floating in a pregnant woman’s blood stream stems from her fetus. In 2010 in a paper published in Science Translational Medicine‚ Lo’s group showed that enough fragments of fetal DNA are there to reconstruct the fetus’s whole genome‚ and it should be possible to use this DNA to test the unborn child for genetic diseases without exposing it to the risk of an invasive procedure. One strategy makes use of subtle genetic variations that exist between a mother’s pairs of chromosomes
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Systems Biology Systems biology involves the study of an organism as one single system. Instead of analysing all the individual components that make up a cell‚ the cell is instead viewed as an interacting network of genes‚ proteins and biochemical reactions and these are studied as a whole. In 20th century‚ molecular biology was focused upon. A ‘reductionist’ approach was followed‚ in which the individual components‚ such as the cell nucleus or sugar metabolism‚ were studied in isolation. However
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its location to be detected. 10. Complementary DNA (cDNA) – A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. A cDNA molecule therefore corresponds to a gene‚ but lacks the introns present in the DNA of the genome. 11. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers‚ DNA polymerase molecules‚ and nucleotides. 12. Gel Electrophoresis – The separation of nucleic acids or proteins‚ on the basis of
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everything else constant | * Accuracy | How accurate results are | * Dependent variable | Relies on independent variable‚ plotted on y-axis | * Independent variable | One you change‚ plotted on x-axis | What is the Human Genome? The human genome comprises a sequence of approximately 3 billion component parts‚ called nucleotides‚ which are organized into DNA molecules—the double helix. The nucleotides‚ which serve as the alphabet for the language of life‚ are represented by just four
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Those that experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) know that it’s a horrible experience‚ one that they wouldn’t want to pass on. For those who experienced PTSD provoking trauma it’s a sad reality that their PTSD will be passed on to their children who didn’t experience the traumatic event‚ creating a cycle. PTSD‚ among other things‚ has the ability to be passed down because of epigenetics‚ the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration
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Opponents of the practice of genetic engineering in animals‚ like those that oppose crop genetic engineering‚ do so because of the risk associated with the practice and because they feel it would not do anything to help fight world hunger. However‚ the practice of genetic engineering in animals sparks a new group of opponents. These new group of opponents oppose the practice for ethical reasons. Brenda Almond‚ in “Commodifying Animals: Ethical Issues in Genetic Engineering of Animals‚” states “it
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Introduction Herpes Zoster (HZ) virus‚ also known as shingles‚ refers to a localized infection which is identifiable by a unilateral vesicular eruption within the dermatome that is supplied by a cranial sensory or single dorsal root ganglion. Clinical manifestations of this disease include painful blistering eruptions on the skin. Herpes Zoster is caused by the Varicella Zoster Virus (HVZ) which has been dormant inside the sensory ganglia‚ often since the host’s childhood when the host was infected
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II-Leukocidin genetic organization and genome distribution The genetic architecture of the S. aureus leucocidins is widely conserved. F and S subunits of a certain toxin pair are transcribed from specific single promoter. The open reading frame of the S subunit immediately come before The open reading frameof the F subunit‚ with as little as a single nucleotide separating each open reading frames (Fig.1). The only known exception to this rule iwas in gamma-hemolysin locus. 1-Gamma-hemolysin:
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Plant Biotechnology Long questions * What is in vitro propagation? How can we produce virus-free/pre-basic seed potatoes by thermo-therapy and meristem culture? what is micro propagation? Describe with illustration the protocol of DAS-ELISA. X2 * Define germplam and cryo-preservation (x2). Describe the steps involved in cryopreservation of shoot tip as a germplasm. X3 * Describe the process of T-DNA transfer and its integration in plant cell by the infection of Agrobacterium. X2
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