Abstract Global outbreaks of human influenza occur from influenza A viruses with novel Hemagglutinin (HA) molecules to which humans have no immunity. So understanding of the origin and evolution of HA genes is of particular importance. Host-origin classification based on the two outer proteins Host classification based on the HA protein achieved accuracies between 91.2% and 100% using KNN and random forest. While host classification based on the NA protein achieved accuracies
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The probability of a certain individual being born is one in four hundred quadrillion‚ meaning there was a close to none chance of Donald Trump being born (Binazir). That miniscule chance is something that many people‚ especially individuals in the United States have to deal with. Having twins‚ triplets‚ and other birth extremities such as conjoined twins and dwarfism have a less chance of happening than single births. Some may benefit the child and some may have a more difficult time performing
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the article “Cheating Is So 1999” written by Shaun Assael tells on about a company calling in retired superstars and average Joes in for testing. It also tells us in fact that in 2000 the first human genome was reveal‚ costing over 3 billion dollars. Now day’s biotech firms can sequence a full genome for a million dollars. The people who were involved with this experiment were Kovach‚ 23andMe‚ Merlin Olsen‚ Phil Olsen‚ Orrin‚ Olsen‚ Marcellus Wiley‚ and Mark Schlereth. What this experiment was trying
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considered the “guardian of the genome” due to its variety of functions that are crucial for regular cell life cycles‚ and can prevent cancer (Weinberg 2014). Some of the functions of p53 include regulation of apoptosis‚ inducing cell-growth arrest‚ and activation of DNA repair proteins when the cellular DNA is damaged (Weinberg). Due to the majority of these functions preventing cancer and protecting the genome‚ one can see where the title “guardian of the genome” was derived from (Weinberg 2014)
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Viruses: A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. A virus is a small parasite that cannot reproduce by itself. Once it infects a susceptible cell‚ however‚ a virus can direct the cell to produce many more viruses. Viruses can infect all types of life forms‚ such as animals and plants to microorganisms‚ including bacteria and archaea. Genetic materials of viruses: Most viruses have either RNA or DNA as their genetic material. The nucleic
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genetic research. Using D. melanogaster has a multitude of practical advantages for researchers. These include a fast reproduction cycle of approximately 30 days‚ small physical size‚ cost-effective culture and growth in large quantities‚ and a small genome size of 4 pairs of chromosomes. A basic understanding of the anatomy and genetics of D. melanogaster is necessary before preforming genetics experiments on this organism. The basic anatomy of D. melanogaster is similar to that of most insects. The
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virus in the Rhabdoviridae family with a cylindrical morphology. The structure of this virus is unique. It is a rod or bullet shaped‚ single-stranded‚ genome with negative-sense‚ unsegmented‚ enveloped RNA virus (Fig. A). The genetic data is packaged as a ribonucleoprotein complex in which RNA is tightly bound by the viral nucleoprotein. The RNA genome of the virus encodes five proteins. The five proteins are
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Kenneth Reynolds C. Elegans Paper April 20‚ 2013 Dr. Yong Xiang C. Elegans – Wonderful Creatures of Science! We have been studying genetics recently in BIO and I have realized that I actually do find genetics really interesting‚ because of its complexity and probability. The different combinations and variables make it very interesting to me‚ an avid risk take and gambler‚ because of the unknown. Genetics make – up a huge portion of how we act‚ interact with others‚ our appearance entails
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Ishmam Chandan Ms. Campbell SBI 4U1 3 December 2014 Epigenetics 1. The epigenome shapes the physical structure of the genome. It tightly wraps inactive genes‚ making them unreadable. It relaxes active genes‚ making them easily accessible. Different sets of genes are active in different cell types. 2. Yes‚ as cells grow and divide‚ cellular machinery faithfully copies epigenetic tags along with the DNA. Using the original DNA strands as a template‚ methyl copying enzymes attach methyl tags to newly
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that are obligately parthenogenetic. Parthenogenesis is the “production of an embryo from a female gamete without any genetic contribution from a male gamete” (Mittwoch‚ 1978). Sexual reproduction is the process of cross-fertilisation in which the genomes of two parents via gametes are brought together in one cell forming a zygote (Hörandl E‚ 2009). It is necessary to clarify that parthenogenesis is a different mechanism to self-fertilisation and asexual reproduction. In these mechanisms offspring
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