PCRA aims at making oil conservation a national movement. As part of its mandate‚ PCRA is entrusted with the task of creating awareness amongst the masses about the importance‚ methods and benefits of conserving petroleum products & emission reduction. To take the message to the people‚ PCRA uses all possible and effective media for mass communication. These include electronic and press media e.g. TV‚ Radio‚ Electronic displays; Press at the National and State level printed literature for specific
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Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow‚ Corporate Finance‚ and Takeovers Michael C. Jensen Harvard Business School MJensen@hbs.edu Abstract The interests and incentives of managers and shareholders conflict over such issues as the optimal size of the firm and the payment of cash to shareholders. These conflicts are especially severe in firms with large free cash flows—more cash than profitable investment opportunities. The theory developed here explains 1) the benefits of debt in reducing agency
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The concept and vocabulary of quality is elusive. Different people interpret quality differently. Few can define quality in measurable terms that can be operational. When asked what differentiate their product or service‚ health care worker will answer “quality health care‚” the banker will answer “service‚” the manufacturer will simply answer “quality product‚” and the hotel restaurant employee will answer “customer satisfaction.” When pressed to provide a specific definition and measurement‚ few
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source same End result ! ends with financial statements ! integral part of other business aspects B. Cost Accounting Terminology 1. Nature of Cost Cost - A sacrifice of resources: Cost is a measurement in monetary terms of the amount of resources used for some purpose. Expense - The cost charged against revenue in a particular accounting period. 2. Purposes of Gathering Cost Information Routine decision making:
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waste‚ desertification and chemicals pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS: Since environment regulation tends to be weak in developing countries some of these countries have begun to specialize in pollution intensive manufacturing‚ particularly in products which have good export
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The Quality Gurus The six Quality Gurus I have chosen to write about are Dr. Joseph Juran‚ Dr. W. Edwards Deming‚ Philip Crosby‚ Dr. Shigeo Shingo‚ Dr. Genichi Taguchi and Dr. Kaora Ishikawa. All of these people have made significant contributions to improving businesses‚ healthcare organizations‚ governments and countless other organizations. A guru is a good‚ wise person and a teacher above all else. This is coupled with these people with an approach to quality in business and life that has made
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headings: • Cost advantage • Differentiation By applying these strengths in either a broad or narrow or narrow scope‚ three generic strategies result: • Cost leadership • Differentiation • Focus These strategies are applied at business unit level. They are called generic strategies because they are not firm or industry dependant. Cost Leadership: This generic strategy calls for being the low cost producer in an industry for a given level of quantity. The firm sells its products at either average
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COST ANALYSIS OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION MEANING DEFINITIONS TYPES OF COSTS MONETARY COSTS REAL COSTS OPPORTUNITY COSTS ECONOMIC COSTS ACCOUNTING COSTS INCREMENTAL COSTS SUNK COSTS FUTURE COSTS PRIVATE‚ EXTERNAL AND SOCIAL COSTS FIXED / SUPPLEMENTARY / OVERHEAD COSTS VARIABLE / PRIME COSTS REPLACEMENT COSTS PRODUCTION COSTS SELLING COSTS CONTROLLABLE COSTS DIRECT COSTS INDIRECT COSTS SHORT RUN COSTS CURVES LONG RUN COSTS CURVES OBJECTIVES To understand the meaning of cost. To discuss different types
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to potential consumers. A typical product policy created by a business for a manufactured product might attempt to manage how the item will be perceived by its target market and could also contain information about how durable the product is. Product policy covers product planning and development‚ product line‚ product-mix‚ product branding or identification‚ product style‚ product positioning and production packaging. It includes product diversification. PRODUCT POLICY
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COST OVERRUN FACTORS AND PROJECT COST RISK ASSESSMENT IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY - A STATE OF THE ART REVIEW SAVITA SHARMA 1 & PRADEEP K. GOYAL 2 1 Senior Lecturer‚ Department of Civil Engineering‚ Govt. Polytechnic College‚ Ajmer‚ Rajasthan‚ India 2 Associate Professor‚ Department of Civil Engineering‚ Govt. Engineering College‚ Ajmer‚ Rajasthan‚ India ABSTRACT This paper presents a state of the art review of major and frequently occurred cost overrun factors and project cost risk assessment
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