CHAPTER 7 LECTURE SLIDES Respiration • Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: • Autotrophs – Able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis • Heterotrophs – Live on organic compounds produced by other organisms • All organisms use cellular respiration to extract energy from organic molecules Cellular respiration • Digestion – enzymes breaking down large macromolecules into smaller ones. • Cellular respiration is a series of reactions
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Cause of Cystic Fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene. The CFTR gene codes for the CFTR protein which is a chloride ion channel belonging to the ABC (what does it stand for) transporter superfamily of proteins. The CFTR proteins are normally located on the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells in the airways‚ lungs‚ skin‚ digestive organs (E.g. - the pancreas and intestine) and reproductive tracts (E.g. - sperm
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Glycolysis Two stage process Stage 1 – trapping and destabilising glucose in order to produce 2x3c molecules (5steps in the process). Requires energy (2 ATPs) Stage 2 – oxidation of the 3c molecules to pyruvate (5steps in the process). Energy generated (4tps and 2 NADH) Stage 1 Step 1 – trapping glucose‚ glucose enters via facilitated diffusion through specific transport proteins. The family of transporters is known as GLUT‚ GLUT 3 (brain‚ nerve tissue) Low Km allows relatively constant rate
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Energy can be derived from reductive and/or oxidative chemical reactions in the cytosol (substrate phosphorylation) or membrane gradient (oxidative phosphorylation). For example‚ NAD+ + 2H → NADH + H+. NAD‚ a cofactor for dehydrogenases‚ reductases‚ and hydroxyalses that carries protons and electrons‚ is reduced to NADH‚ an oxidative cofactor used by eukaryotes. NADH is used in metabolic pathways like glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis. LEO says GER. Lose electrons oxidation
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Levels of beta subunit of human corionic gonadotropin and alpha fetoprotein are taken. Levels of lactase dehydrogenase are also measured‚ but despite it being non specific for testicular cancer it is used as a indicator for the bulk of the disease. Alpha fetoprotein is a 70 kilodalton single-chain glycoprotein‚ which in the fetus is synthesised in the liver‚
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Human Physiology Spring 2014 Exam I 1. If red blood cells are placed in a hyperosmotic solution they will: a. shrink b. swell c. can’t tell what the cell will do d. remain the same 2. If red blood cells are placed in a solution that is hypotonic the cells will: a. shrink b. swell c. remain the same d. change depends on type of solutes 3. Using the information presented in lecture which of the following is most likely to be the source for the keto acid necessary for the production
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Abstract Sickle-cell disease is a genetic disorder that results from the abnormal structure of red blood cells. The peculiar shape of the red blood cell prevents the normal absorption of oxygen. This disease results from the abnormal production of hemoglobin S (HbS). Therefore‚ a mutation in this gene causes a lower supply of oxygen to the cells‚ which results in occlusion of the blood vessels. Individuals diagnosed with sickle-cell anemia have abnormal function of the gene that encodes for subunit
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disease: autosomal recessive inheritance of two defective gene alleles for hemoglobin synthesis Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency anemia: X-linked recessive deficiency of enzyme G6PD Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: abnormal immune function in which a person’s immune reactive cells fail to recognize his or her own red blood cells as self cells Iron deficiency anemia: Inadequate iron intake caused by: iron deficient diet‚ chronic alcoholism‚ malabsorption syndromes and partial
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University of Texas at Tyler Lab 3C: Purification of L-Lactate Dehydrogenase By Affinity Chromatography on Cibacron-Blue Sepharose David Alexander 10-15-2014 Dr. Black Chem 4135.001 Abstract: Like the previous experiments‚ the ultimate goal of this lab was to purify the enzyme sample. However‚ this is the last lab for purification and high level techniques of purification were employed to achieve this. Dialysis was used first‚ lowering the small-molecule concentration within the sample. Finally
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Introduction to Biochemistry (CHEM 501) Final Exam 12/17/2007 1. The anaerobic conversion of 1 mol of glucose to 2 mol of lactate by fermentation is accompanied by a net gain of: a) b) c) d) e) 1 mol of ATP. 1 mol of NADH. 2 mol of ATP. 2 mol of NADH. none of the above. 2. The conversion of 1 mol of fructose 1‚6-bisphosphate to 2 mol of pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway results in a net formation of: a) b) c) d) e) 1 mol of NAD+ and 2 mol of ATP. 1 mol of NADH and 1 mol of ATP. 2 mol of NAD+
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