1.1 Glutamine: muscle metabolism Skeletal muscle is the major tissue responsible for glutamine synthesis in the body [9‚10]. In this context‚ glutamine anabolic effects in the skeletal muscle not only preserve lean mass‚ but also maintain plasma glutamine concentration in the body. Glutamine provides energy substrate to cells with a high turnover‚ nucleic acid precursors to cells of the immune system and is involved in the maintenance of acid-base balance [9‚ 11‚ 12]. The key enzymes in the metabolism
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is primarily caused by destruction of pancreas which is responsible for producing insulin. However‚ in type 2 diabetes‚ insulin resistance is seen in the body‚ i.e.‚ enough insulin is produced by the body but its activity (conversion of glucose to glycogen) is blocked. Thus‚ the end result of both types of diabetes is similar: increase level of blood glucose. Also‚ the cellular mechanism through which type 2 diabetes occurs is poorly understood‚ this type is found among 85-90% of diabetic patients
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Lecture 2 Macromolecule components of cells I Chapter 5 Dr Ahmed Aldarmahi Assistant Professor College of Medicine – Jeddah Lecture Objectives • Distinguish between monosaccharides‚ disaccharides and polysaccharides. • Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats. • Describe phospholipids and steroids. Glossary • • • • • • • MonoDiPolyMacroPolymer Phospholipids Steroid Overview: The Molecules of Life • All living things are made up of four classes
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the two components of starch‚ making up approximately 20-30% of the structure. The other component is amylopectin‚ which makes up 70–80% of the structure. Amylase- an enzyme‚ found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid‚ that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars. Condensation- is water which collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it. Hydrolysis- the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. Monosaccharide- any of the class of sugars
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Viviana Veber Bio 1510 Sec 21 Carbohydrates Introduction: The objective of this experiment was to identify the reaction of carbohydrates in Benedict’s test‚ Barfoed’s test and Iodine test. Carbohydrates are essential to living organisms‚ and the principal role of carbohydrates is the production of energy. Carbohydrates are groups of sugars that contain carbon‚ oxygen‚ and hydrogen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Three main units of carbohydrates are monosaccharides‚ disaccharides‚ and polysaccharides
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honey‚ fruits‚ flowers‚ and root vegetable. While glucose can be metabolized in all cells in the body‚ fructose cannot‚ it can only be metabolized in the liver. When fructose is metabolized in the liver‚ it is turned into glycogen‚ which is just stored glucose. The point for glycogen is that its there for the body
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The endocrine part of the pancreas consists of pancreatic islets (islets of the Langerhans). Insulin and glucagon are hormones secreted by islet cells of the pancreas. Both of these hormones are secreted depending on the blood glucose levels. Alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete glucagon and beta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin (Marieb‚ 2012). Insulin and glucagon are equally important in managing blood glucose‚ making sure the body functions well. Glucose‚ which comes from
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Energy Systems Our body needs a supply of energy to complete day to day tasks and to simply be able to move. We have more than one energy system‚ we have 3 in total and these are * ATP (anaerobic) * Lactic acid (anaerobic) * Aerobic (aerobic) All three off these energy systems are fuelled by the same chemical called ADP-PC. These systems produce this chemical at different speeds‚ for example the ATP system produces the chemical very fast as for the aerobic energy system produces it
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break 2. Starch: A Storage Polysaccharide in Plants e. Starch is made up of α-glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages ii. Mixture of unbranched amylose and branched amylopectin 3. Glycogen: A Highly Branched Storage Polysaccharide in Animals f. Glycogen performs the same storage role in animals that starch does in plants iii. Polymer of
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The breakdown of glucose or glycogen in anaerobic conditions results in the production of lactic acid. The build up of ions is the restrictive issue causing fatigue in runs of 300m – 800m. The lactic acid system is most affective around 30seconds to 2-3 mins. In touch football the use of the lactic acid system may be used when wrucking the ball‚ as it is a constant sprint with little or no rest. The aerobic energy system utilizes protein‚ fats and carbohydrates (glycogen) for resynthesising ATP. The
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