ENERGY SYSTEMS Figure 1 shows a sprint cycle race. This activity involves cycling four laps of a 250 metre track‚ with the final lap being completed as fast as possible. Elite performers cover the final lap in times of between 10 and 11 seconds. (a) Name the main energy system being used in the final sprint to the finishing line and explain how this system provides energy for the working muscles. (4 marks) (b) At the end of the race‚ the cyclist will be out of breath and will continue to breathe
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effect of increasing blood glucose levels while insulin lowers blood glucose levels. The pancreas releases glucagon when blood sugar glucose levels fall too low -linear peptide of 29 amino acids. -Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose‚ which is released into the bloodstream. -Glucagon and insulin are part of a feedback system that keeps blood glucose levels at a stable level. Secretin- family of peptide hormones. Regulation Secretion of glucagon
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MUSCLE FATIGUE HOW DO MUSCLES GET THE ENERGY TO WORK? In muscles‚ it is essential that Calcium is present‚ as this gives the muscles the ability to contract and relax. For muscles to contract energy is needed: the energy can only be provided by the breakdown of a chemical called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). As ATP is broken down‚ a phosphate molecule is broken off‚ reducing the phosphate molecules‚ from 3 to 2. This produces adenosine triphosphate. However for the muscles contraction to continue
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PET 3351 Exercise Physiology Second Exam Review (Fall 2012) Chapter IV: The Physiological Basis of Muscular Strength and Flexibility 1. Strength is operationally defined as the maximal force that can be exerted in a single effort. Using this definition‚ strength should be assessed using one repetition maximum (1 RM)‚ though we often estimate strength using tests that may involve multiple repetitions. 2. In strength training and rehabilitation‚ emphasis should be given to both the concentric
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Homeostasis is important in maintaining a healthy functioning of the body. Enzymes within the body are vitally responsible for speeding up chemical reactions and are often referred to as catalysts. In order to work at their optimum‚ enzymes need a specific constant temperature within the internal environment of the body to function correctly and reduce denaturing. A healthy human body should have a body temperature of 37∙C‚ the optimum temperature for enzymes to function. Therefore‚ the temperature
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athletes did not increase their muscle glycogen concentration after an increase in the dietary carbohydrate intake (58 3 74%)‚ whereas men did (Tarnopolsky MA‚ SA Atkinson‚ SM Phillips‚ and JD McDougall‚ J Appl Physiol 78: 1360–1368‚ 1995). This may have been related to a lower energy or carbohydrate intake by the women or due to an inherent gender difference in glycogen storage capacity. We examined whether well-trained men (n 6) and women (n 6) increased muscle glycogen concentration after an increase
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sports‚ such as soccer‚ hockey‚ and lacrosse are less likely to benefit from carbohydrate loading‚ however‚ in tournament settings with multiple games in a day‚ there is potential for benefit. Pros: • Can enhance the amount of stored carbohydrates (glycogen) in your muscle • Can allow you to exercise for a longer period without fatigue. Cons: • May result in some weight gain which can be uncomfortable come race/competition day; • Can cause digestive issues if too much fibre is consumed. Marathon
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Centre Number For Examiner’s Use Candidate Number Surname Other Names Examiner’s Initials Candidate Signature Question General Certificate of Secondary Education Higher Tier January 2014 Mark 1 2 3 Additional Science M (modular) MBL2HP 4 Unit Biology B2 5 H Biology M (modular) Unit Biology B2 Wednesday 8 January 2014 9.00 am to 10.00 am 6 7 TOTAL For this paper you must have: a ruler. You may use a calculator. B Time allowed 1 hour Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point
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its metabolic fuel; it cannot oxidise fatty acids (but can metabolise ketone bodies in prolonged starvation) glycogen Red blood cells are absolutely reliant on glucose; they have no mitochondria and form ATP only by anaerobic glycolysis triacyglycerol protein glucose triacylglycerol in VLDL triacylglycerol in chylomicrons amino acids glucose The problem: glycogen protein We eat 2 – 3 times a day; how can we maintain a constant supply of glucose for the brain and red
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energy drinks or sports drinks the best source of nutrients when replenishing glycogen store? The project that I am conducting is concerning the impact of the consumption of chocolate milk and its effects on protein turnover‚ muscle glycogen and performance during recovery from endurance exercise (2). The research regarding this material is relevant because it can possibly affect the way individuals replenish their glycogen stores following exercise to further improve their performance and over all
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