Kaitlyn Paul Ani Govjian English 105 2 October 2012 Creatine and Improved Athletic Performance: Benefits‚ Risks‚ and Regulation Abstract Creatine‚ being a natural building block in fast twitch muscle energy supply‚ can also be used by athletes as a supplement to increase muscular performance. It can be classified by many athletic associations as a muscle building supplement‚ much like anabolic steroids‚ and these associations take that into account when generating use policies for competition
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The major elimination process of Tacrolimus metabolites include biliary route‚ about 95 % of elimination takes place here (Buijsch‚ 2007). Urinary excretion accounts for about 2.4 % Tacrolimus elimination. Concentration of Tacrolimus metabolites is reported to increase through the biliary distraction (Buijsch‚ 2007). Tacrolimus metabolism goes through o-demethylation‚ hydroxylation and oxidtie metabolic reaction by the enzymes of ‚ CYP3A4 and CYP3A5‚ in the liver and the intestinal walls. Cytochrome
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Glycogen Storage Disease type III is an autosomal recessive disorder that is caused by the deficiency of the glycogen debrancher enzyme. This deficiency causes there to be a mutation on exon three and it causes abnormally structured glycogen to be present in the body. This disease can be diagnosed by multiple tolerance tests and it also can be diagnosed by analyzing the muscle tissues. This disease causes problems in the liver and in the muscles. The tolerance tests are used to test for liver diseases
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1. Cellulose‚ starch‚ and glycogen are very similar‚ yet very different. Describe the process by which each of these molecules is formed. Why does the subtle difference in how the simple sugar monomers are bonded in starch and cellulose affect how the two molecules are used? Cellulose is built from glucose molecules bonded covalently together through a process known as hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance. Each alternating glucose
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The main structural difference between starch glycogen cellulose comes from? In: Human and Animal Interaction Starch‚ glycogen and cellulose are all polymers of glucose. They differ in the type of glucose present and the bonds which link thr glucose monomers together. Starch and glycogen are made from alpha-glucose. This is an isomer of glucose in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to carbon number 1 is below the plane of the ring. Starch is itself composed of two types of polymer:amylose
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Title: The Genes of Osteogenesis Imperfecta 3 Section 2 Title: Pathogenesis of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 and Type 2 6 Section 3 Title: Huntington Disease Genetics 8 Section 4 Title: The major forms of Glycogen Storage Disease types I‚ III and IX 11 Section 1 Title: The Genes of Osteogenesis Imperfecta (word count = 568) Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is caused by different genes; COL1A1‚ COL1A2‚ CRTAP and LEPRE1. Each gene giving rise
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Extraordinary Measures dramatizes the father’s quest to find a cure for Pompe disease‚ a relatively rare genetic condition that afflicts two of his three children. The quest brings into play three powerful‚ often competing human motives; a father’s love for his children‚ a scientist’s pursuit of knowledge and recognition‚ and a corporation’s mandate for profits. Crowley‚ an energetic marketing executive‚ and his wife Aileen are told that their children Megan(age eight) and Patrick (age six) have
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investigated the kinetics of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase b which is important to metabolism. AMP is an allosteric activator of the enzyme because it converts glycogen phosphorylase b from its T state to the R state which is the active form. Caffeine is an inhibitor because it binds the nucleoside inhibitor site. When it binds this site‚ it stabilizes the inactive T state and blocks the catalytic site which needs to be open for enzyme activity to occur. The glycogen phosphorylase b was purified with
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degradation of protein X allows for proper glycogen metabolism and it is the accumulation of protein X in the absence of functional malin that results in Lafora disease. In the second scenario‚ laforin acts both as an activator and repressor of proper glycogen metabolism. Laforin dephosphorylates protein X and laforin is polyubiquitinated and degraded subsequently by malin‚ and this event allows for the proper glycogen construction or inhibition of abnormal glycogen accumulation. In this case‚ mutation
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the 12 provided solutions contain starch‚ glycogen‚ reducing sugars or proteins. The four major biological macromolecules are carbohydrates‚ lipids‚ proteins and nucleic acids. Abundant elements in the world such as carbon and nitrogen bond in different ways to form many different molecules. The functional groups are what determine their characteristics. During the experiment‚ there will be 3 test. The iodine test is completed to test for starch and glycogen. When iodine is mixed with a solution that
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