Identify where sugar oxidation‚ substrate-level phosphorylation‚ and the reduction of NAD+ occur in glycolysis. Sugar oxidation/NAD+ reduction Performed by triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 glyceraldehyde phosphate è 2 1‚3-bisphosphoglycerate + 2 NADH Substrate-level phosphorylation 2 1‚3-bisphosphoglycerate + 2 ADP è2 3-phosphoglycerate
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molecules. There are actually two general types of respiration‚ aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen‚ while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen. Both types of cell respiration begin with the process of glycolysis‚ after which the two
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oxygen. Fermentation matters for many reasons. It’s important in muscles because it allows the muscles to keep getting energy from glucose even though oxygen can’t keep up with supplying. Fermentation also takes away the end products of glycolysis so that glycolysis can continue breaking down glucose and releasing energy. Fermentation is also important to the baking industry because of yeast that helps produce bubbles of carbon dioxide and that helps make dough rise for bread. Also yeast uses fermentation
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| Table 2. Comparison between alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation. Characteristics | Alcoholic | Lactic acid | Organisms involved | Yeasts | Bacteria‚ Humans (muscles) | Mechanism | Pyruvate (from glycolysis) is broken into ethanol and carbon dioxide | Pyruvate (from glycolysis) is fermented into lactic acid. It also occurs in animal muscles when the tissue requires energy at a faster rate than oxygen can be supplied | Net Chemical Equation | C6H12O6 (glucose) → 2 C2H5OH (ethanol) +
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organisms. Glylolitys Glycolysis literally means "splitting sugars." In glycolysis‚ glucose (a six carbon sugar) is split into two molecules of a three-carbon sugar. Glycolysis yields two molecules of ATP (free energy containing molecule)‚ two molecules of pyruvic acid and two "high energy" electron carrying molecules of NADH. Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen. In the presence of oxygen‚ glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration. Without oxygen‚ glycolysis allows cells to make
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work together to keep the cells in dynamic equilibrium. Cellular metabolism is responsible for providing energy to the cell and is an essential element of life. There are several complex‚ involved processes involved in cellular metabolism including glycolysis‚ Krebs’s cycle‚ and electron transport. Metabolism itself can be broken down into two different categories: catabolic and anabolic. Catabolic metabolism involves the breakdown of large molecules such as polysaccharides‚ lipids‚ nucleic acids‚ and
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Glycolysis Glucose cannot be used as directly by cell as a source of energy so cells use ATP as their immediate source of energy. * This conversion of glucose into ATP takes place during cellular respiration and there are 2 different forms of cellular respiration depending upon whether oxygen is available or not * Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces CO2‚ water and lots of ATP. * Aerobic has 4 stages: 1) Glycolysis – the splitting of the 6-carbon glucose molecule into
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at the end of photosynthesis. Cellular respiration is a three part process which includes glycolysis‚ Kreb’s cycle‚ and oxidative phosphorylation. In glycolysis glucose is broken down in a ten step process into 2 3-carbon pyruvate molecules. During glycolysis a net gain of 2 ATP is formed. NAD+ is reduced to NADH and 2H+ ions which in turn go to the oxidative phosphorylation process. After glycolysis‚ the 2 pryuvate molecules enter the Kreb’s cycle. In the presence of oxygen‚ acetyl-CoA are formed
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anaerobic. In aerobic respiration there are 3 main steps: Glycolysis‚ Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)‚ and Oxidative Phosphorylation. In anaerobic respiration you can have alcohol fermentation or lactic acid fermentation. Overall‚ cellular respiration can be used in rigor mortis‚ which helps investigators determine the time of someone’s death. Aerobic respiration is used in the present of oxygen‚ and the first step in it is glycolysis. Glycolysis is when glucose enters the cytoplasm through facilitated
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final product of glycolysis‚ to lactate‚ if oxygen is absent or in minimal amounts‚ it will perform the opposite reaction during another cycle‚ which is the Cori cycle. The Cori cycle takes place in the liver. When we exercise our cells get significant amounts of oxygen and sugar is broken down quickly and very efficiently. On the other hand‚ when we start to run or really push our bodies to the limit‚ there is not enough oxygen to be shared. For this reason‚ our cells use glycolysis as their primary
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