1.If the earth moves around the sun‚ then we ought to observe a stellar parallax. 2.There is no observable stellar parallax. 3.Therefore‚ the earth does not move around the sun. The argument is valid (i.e.‚ modus tollens)‚ the first premise seems quite reasonable and the second premise was in fact true—no one before‚ during or for almost three centuries after Copernicus had Figure 8.9 216 common sense logic ever observed any stellar parallax. Yet‚ Copernicus had anticipated this objection and
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Time Budget Advanced Auditing April 14‚ 2011 It is not only important for auditors to keep accurate and precise working papers for an audit‚ it is also important for auditors to keep accurate and precise records of their time spent on the tasks associated with an audit. “When accountants complete work without recording it as chargeable time‚ potential revenue can be lost and erroneous planning and poor personnel decisions can result.” (Lightner‚ et. al.‚ 1983) Hamilton Wong is one of
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BUDGET According to CIMA ‚ Official Terminology “A budget is a financial and /or quantitative prepared prior to a defined period of time ‚ of the policy to be pursued during that period for the purpose of attaining a given objective.” In the words of Crown and Howard ‚ “ A budget is a pre- determined statement of management policy during a given period which provides a standard for comparison with the results actually achieved.” BUDGETRY CONTROL Budgetary control is the process of determining
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Unit 330 Agree a Budget Before developing a draft budget I have the previous financial year’s budget‚ income statements and the cash flow for my consideration within the future budget. It was really helpful although the new orders are due within the next year and I had to recalculate income and variable expenses. I have prepared a list of all the incomes and expenses and put them together to use as estimations for developing a draft budget. This list should always be prepared before the start
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Personal Budget Exercise – Excel Creating a spreadsheet track personal business expenses is an excellent use of Microsoft Excel. For this exercise‚ you will create a spreadsheet to enter a personal budget and track actual expenses for the year. You may choose to use real data or create a fictitious budget using a monthly income amount of $2‚500. Here are suggested budget categories if you are not using a real budget. At a minimum‚ you must have 9 budget categories: Housing (mortgage or rent) Utilities
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1. There are many criticisms about budget‚ but using budget can increase sales‚ decentralize and empower to lower level. According to the reading articles‚ budgetary can replace the fixed performance target with openness and transparency. And also management can give employees more freedom to manage. For example‚ Musimundo did not have budget before 2004. After 2004‚ it had established budget system. The budget was separated in two ways which were bottom-up and top-down. Employees who are at the
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BUDGET PROCESS The budget combined with individual objectives or targets provides the basis on which employees need to be motivated and stretched. In the absence of such a structure‚ spending may become higher than necessary and the extra effort required to help bring in the required revenue may not be made. As the budget can be seen as a constraint on a department’s or an individual’s activities‚ it may not always be warmly embraced. Therefore the motivational aspect needs to be carefully managed
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ADMINISTERING THE BUDGET A budget is a written financial plan for business operations developed for a specific period of time. Budgets are often developed for six months or a year but can cover a longer or shorter time period depending on the type of budget and the nature of the business. Because a budget is an estimate of what might happen‚ it usually cannot be followed exactly. Staying close to the amount budgeted is desirable. However‚ for various reasons beyond the control of managers‚ actual
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The two of the budgets that are commonly used in the health care organizations are capital budget and operating budget. Capital budgets consider equipment and building acquisitions that the hospital will be using for over a year. The operating budget is part of the master budget and is the day-to-day revenues and expenditures for the facility. Reviewing these two types of budgets meet the American Organization of Nurse Examiners Competency business skills‚ in “developing and manage an annual operating
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CASE STUDY ATPB 313 – Accounting Theory & Practice SEM 2 2013/2014 (100 MARKS -10%) Instruction: Answer all of the following questions (10 marks for each question). CASE STUDY 1 (50 marks) Title: Motivation for earnings management among auditors in Malaysia Farisha‚ H.‚ Hafiza‚ A. H.‚ and Zalailah‚ S. (2012). Motivation for earnings management among auditors in Malaysia‚ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences‚ 65(3)‚ 239-246. Required: 1. In your own words‚ summarize the article
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