and two fats‚ shortening and lard. 10 mL of the oils and 10g of the fat were obtained in a 250mL beaker. 15 mL of 6 M sodium hydroxide and about 1 mL of glycerol were added to each ingredient drop by drop then mixed thoroughly with a glass rod. The solution was then heated with a heating plate to boiling until it became pasty. After the paste cooled‚ 50 mL of saturated sodium chloride solution and ice was mixed into the solution. The soap was then filtered using suction filtration and washed with two
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change. To tube 4‚ add 5drops of 1 M ammonia solution. Mix. Record color change. B. Calcium oxalate equilibrium Put 5 mL of .1 M calcium chloride and 5 mL of .1 M sodium oxalate into 6 inch test tube. Mix by stoppering and inverting. Equilibrium is established by formation of white precipitate. Add concentrated HCl. Shake after each drop. Record any changes. C. Cobalt chloride equilibrium Heat 2 mL of saturated aqueous solution of cobalt chloride to boiling in a 6 inch test tube. Record the color
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Chemistry 1 Revision Booklet Unit Chemistry 1 Syllabus At the beginning of each sub-section‚ activities are stated which develop candidates. skills‚ knowledge and understanding of how science works. Details are then given of the substantive contexts in which these skills‚ knowledge and understanding should be set. It is expected that‚ where appropriate‚ teachers will adopt a practical approach‚ enabling candidates to develop skills in addition to procedural knowledge and understanding. Note that
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The Earth’s atmosphere has changed over billions of years‚ but for the past 200 million years it has been much as it is today. We are‚ however‚ causing our atmosphere to change by human activity. Burning fossil fuels and deforestation are two examples of human effect on the environment. Composition of the Earth’s atmosphere The composition of air You need to know the proportions of the main gases in the atmosphere. The Earth’s atmosphere has remained much the same for the past 200 million years
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greater the lather‚ more cleaning ability the soap or detergent was capable of. The test of lather ability was done first by using tap water. The soap will make more bubbles with the soft water than with the hard water‚ because it reacts with the calcium and magnesium salts to form ’scum’‚ which is insoluble in water when mixed with hard water. This means there is less soap for making bubbles‚ or for cleaning. The tap water used to test the properties of the soap would most likely be considered hard
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sodium hydroxide) brings about a chemical reaction known as saponification. In saponification‚ the fats are first hydrolyzed into free fatty acids‚ which then combine with the alkali to form crude soap. Glycerol (glycerine) is liberated and is either left in or washed out and recovered as a useful byproduct‚ depending on the process employed.[2] Soaps are key components of most lubricating greases‚ which are usually emulsions of calcium soap or lithium soaps and mineral oil. These calcium- and lithium-based
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Instructor: 2/8/12 Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the percent by mass in a hydrated salt‚ as well as to learn to handle laboratory apparatus without touching it. The hydrated salt‚ calcium carbonate‚ was heated with high temperature to release water molecules. Gravimetric analysis was used in this experiment to determine the percent by mass of water in a hydrated salt. The hypothesis of this experiment was accepted on the basis that the percent by mass of volatile water in
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Acid Base And Salt Acid Acids:- The word ‘Acid’ came from Latin word ‘Acidus or Acere’ which means sour. Sour taste is the most common characteristic of acid. Acid turns blue litmus paper red. There are many substances which contain acid and hence taste sour‚ such as curd‚ tamarind‚ lemon‚ etc. Types of Acids:- Acids are divided into two types on the basis of their occurrence – Natural acids and Mineral acids. Natural Acid:- Acids which are obtained from natural sources are called natural
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Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Many limestones are composed from skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera. Limestone makes up about 10% of the total volume of all sedimentary rocks. The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes‚ in which water erodes the limestone over thousands to millions of years. Most cave systems are through limestone bedrock. Limestone has numerous uses‚ including
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Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize isopentyl acetate via an esterification reaction between glacial acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol‚ using concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The product was washed using sodium bicarbonate and water‚ then dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. It was then distilled using a standard simple distillation apparatus. The percent yield of isopentyl acetate was 60.39%. This may have been low due to incomplete distillation or evaporation once
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