Biological molecules are organized into structures called organelles‚ the components of cells. Cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function of living things. Some organisms consist of a single cell; others are multicellular aggregates of specialized cells. Whether multicellular or unicellular‚ all organisms must accomplish the same functions: uptake and processing of nutrients‚ excretion of wastes‚ response to environmental stimuli‚ and reproduction.
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results in the sharing of genes. This process is common among bacteria of the same species but occurs with less frequency between bacteria of different species. While evidence for HGT in microbes is abundant‚ evidence for HGT in higher order multicellular organisms is uncommon. As such the mechanisms by which HGT occurs from microbes to plants and microbes to animals has not
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Chapter 1 Humans and the Microbial World A Glimpse of History Science of microbiology born in 1674 Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) • Made simple magnifying glass • Studied lake water • Observed ‘animalcules’ Robert Hooke • Also credited with discovery • Described ‘microscopical mushroom’ (common bread mold) in 1665 1 Importance of Microorganisms Microorganisms are foundation for all life on earth Have existed for ~3.5 billion years Plants‚ animals‚ modern
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mycology‚ which is a branch of biology. Fungi are not plants or animals. Like plant and animal cells‚ fungus cells are eukaryotic‚ meaning they have a defined nucleus. Like plants‚ fungi are sessile‚ or unmoving. Their cells are similar to plant cells‚ but do not contain chloroplasts. This
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Discovered 3.2 Cell Theory: All Living Things Are Made of Cells 3.3 Membranes: All Cells Have Them 3.4 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Have Different Structures 3.5 Some Antibiotics Target Bacterial Cell Walls 3.6 Some Antibiotics Inhibit Prokaryotic Ribosomes 3.7 Molecules Move across the Cell Membrane 3.8 Eukaryotic Cells Have Organelles UP CLOSE Eukaryotic Organelles 39 3620001C03.indd 39 1/27/11 10:14 AM Chapter 3 Cell Function and Structure Wonder Drug How a chance
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Short answer questions – generally complex by their nature and require knowledge and integration of several different concepts 1. Explain what are the end goals of reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Outline the steps both procedures share and the step(s) specific for each procedure. • Reproductive Cloning- Reproductive cloning is a type of cloning which is performed for the purpose of creating a duplicate copy of another organism. It is accomplished using a process called somatic cell
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compartment‚ the energy of their movement is used to add phosphate to ADP‚ forming ATP. chloroplasts - Disk-like organelles with a double membrane found in eukaryotic plant cells; contain thylakoids and are the site of photosynthesis. ATP is generated during photosynthesis by chemiosmosis. Chromosomes- Structures in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that consist of DNA molecules that contain the genes. cytoplasm - The viscous semiliquid inside the plasma membrane of a cell; contains various macromolecules
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Kingdom Protista: Characteristics Mostly unicellular‚ eukaryotic cells Reproduce asexually or sexually by conjugation Exhibit all three modes of nutrition Photosynthesis Ingestion Absorption Ultimately spawned all multicellular kingdoms Very diverse kingdom Difficult for taxonomists to agree on classification Diverse Modes of Nutrition Use diverse modes of nutrition Ingest
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Chapter 1- 2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: THEMES IN THE STUDY OF LIFE OBJECTIVES Exploring Life on Its Many Levels 1. Briefly describe the unifying themes that characterize the biological sciences. 1. The cell an organism’s basic unit of structure and function 2. Heritable information: the inheritance of biological information in the form of DNA which is encoded in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. 3. Emergent properties: emerge as a result of interaction among components at the
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Study Guide Notes ¡V Test 1 CHAPTER 1 1. Linnaeus ¡V naming system Hooke ¡V cells in cork Van Leeuwenhoek ¡V animalcules (1st obs. of live microorganisms) Redi ¡V experiment to disprove spontaneous generation ¡V meat Needham ¡V experiment to prove spontaneous generation ¡V broth (vital force) Spallanzani ¡V heated broth did not develop microbial growth Virchow ¡V biogenesis (living can only arise from preexisting living) Pasteur ¡V air contained‚ but did not produce‚ microbes (broth‚ s-flasks);
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