A microorganism (from the Greek: μικρός‚ mikros‚ "small" and ὀργανισμός‚ organismós‚ "organism") is a microscopic organism‚ which may be a single cell[1] or multicellular organism. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology‚ a subject that began with Antonie van Leeuwenhoek’s discovery of microorganisms in 1675‚ using a microscope of his own design. Microorganisms are very diverse and include all the bacteria and archaea and almost all the protozoa. They also include some members of the
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protein coat that protects these genes; and some have an envelope of fat that surrounds them when they are outside a cell. Fungi: These are Eukaryotes..when compared to bacteria(prokaryote) and virus.Like plants and animals‚ fungi are eukaryotic multicellular organisms. One major difference is that fungal cells have cell walls that contain chitin‚ unlike the cell walls of plants‚ which contain cellulose.The chitin adds rigidity and structural support to the thin cells of the fungus‚ and makes
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Cell Division‚ Heredity‚ and Rcolution Practice Questions Cell Division An organism is heterozygous at two gene loci on different chromosomes. Explain how these alleles are transmitted by the process of mitosis to daughter cells. After mitosis the parent cell’s genome is dividedninto two daughter cells. In most eukaryotes‚ the nuclear envelope that separates the DNA from the cytoplasm disassembles. The chromosomes align themselves in a line spanning the cell. As the cell elongates‚ corresponding
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Order‚ Family‚ Genus‚ Species Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes (know differences) Prokaryotic cells: DO NOT have a nucleus but DOES contain DNA & a membrane - unicellular: simple structure‚ smaller (e.g. Bacteria) Eukaryotic cells: DOES have a nucleus w/ DNA - Multicellular‚ more complex structure and bigger (i.e. fungi‚ plants & animal) - Membrane‚ cytoplasm‚ organelles The Scientific Method (know steps): 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis- temporary logical explanations 3. Test- experiments
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Cell Cycle and Mitosis THE CELL CYCLE The cell cycle‚ or cell-division cycle‚ is the series of events that take place in a eukaryotic cell between its formation and the moment it replicates itself. These events can be divided in two main parts: interphase (in between divisions phase grouping G1 phase‚ S phase‚ G2 phase)‚ during which the cell is forming and carries on with its normal metabolic functions; the mitotic phase (M mitosis)‚ during which the cell is replicating itself. Thus‚ cell-division
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· Taxonomy ○ Science of classification ○ Provides an orderly basis for the naming of organisms and for placing organisms into a category (taxon) ○ Makes use of and makes sense of the fundamental concepts of unity and diversity among living things ○ Basic principle is that members of higher-levels groups share fewer characteristics than those in lower-level groups * Escherichia coli - rod shape and have a Gram-negative cell wall * Even members of the same species display variations
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BIO FINAL STUDY GUIDE Scientific Method: 1) Observe something interesting 2) Educated idea = hypothesis (if – change/IV -… then – measure/DV… because) 3) Experiments 4) Analyze + conclude 5) Report it to world Science | Pseudoscience | -uses scientific method | -doesn’t use scientific method | -good hypothesis (falsifiable –provable) | -bad hypothesis (unfalsifiable) | -Repeatable + predictable | -unrepeatable | -1 variable | -none or many variables | -ex. Aliens
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Chapter 17 Louis Pasteur’s experiment illustrated that: microbes will not grow in a nutrient broth that has been sterilized unless air is allowed to enter the vessel through an opening. Living organisms can spontaneously generate from nonliving matter. True or False? False The scientists usually given credit for disproving the theory of spontaneous generation of bacteria are: Tyndall & Pasteur Miller and Urey’s experiments attempting to recreate the prebiotic environment produced a rich mixture
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Abiotic A term-that describes a nonliving factorin an ecosystem. Active Transport -The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration that uses energy provided by ATP or a difference in electrical charges across a cell membrane. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) A molecule that provides energy for cellular reactions and processes. ATP releases energy when one of its high‐energy bonds is broken to release a phosphate group. Adhesion The intermolecular attraction
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Lab #1 ‐ Introduction to the Microscopy & Observation of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Introduction Many of the cells and organisms that you will be studying are at the lower limits of visibility of light microscopes; therefore‚ it is extremely important that you attain critical lighting and focussing. It is also important to handle the microscope competently to avoid damaging either the microscope or the preparation you are studying
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