Purpose: To observe the reactions of specific aqueous solutions with specific aqueous reagents. Introduction: A solution is as a homogeneous mixture containing two or more substances. Reagents are added to solutions to create a chemical reaction or added to see if anything occurs. Reagents can be added to solutions to see if there is a presence of other substances. For example‚ iodine added to a lead solution. Iodine would be the reagent and would cause a chemical reaction confirming the presence
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The Grignard Synthesis of 3-methyl-3-heptanol In this experiment‚ an example of an organometallic compound which has a carbon magnesium bond will be utilized to form a tertiary alcohol. Grignard reagents have been extremely useful in the synthesis of a large number of classes of organic functional groups. Although Grignard reagents are unstable and decompose in air and moisture‚ they can be prepared and used immediately with moderate difficulty in the undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory
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Lab 12: Reduction of an Aldehyde to a Primary Alcohol by Use of NaBH4Purpose(i)To select an appropriate solvent system. (ii)To synthesize alcohol from aldehyde by NaBH4 reduction. (iii)To identify the aldehyde isomer based on the melting point of the alcohol produced. Procedure(Please refer to the detailed instructions on lab 12 handout)Physical Quantity TableType of substanceMolecular FormulaMolecular Weight (g/mol)Density(g/cm3)Melting Point(oC)Boiling Point(oC)HazardO-vanillinC8H8O3152.15-42
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Synthesis and Structure of Alcohols Alcohols can be considered organic analogues of water. H O H R O H Alcohols are usually classified as primary‚ secondary and tertiary. H R H OH H primary R R OH R R OH OH R secondary tertiary phenol Alcohols with the hydroxyl bound directly to an aromatic (benzene) ring are called phenols. Nomenclature of Alcohols (Normally any compound’s name which ends in –ol is an alcohol of some sort) IUPAC rules that:
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*substitution (of a carboxylic/acid derivative) = addition + elimination - substitution at the tetrahedral intermediate from the addition of an organometallic to an aldehyde/ketone will not (usually) work as R- (i.e. H- or CH3-) is a bad leaving group - addition of a Grignard reagent to an aldehyde/ketone = stable tetrahedral intermediate (alkoxide) - addition of an alcohol to a carbonyl group in the presence of a base = unstable intermediate (hemiacetal/hydrate) - nucleophiles with good
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Chapter 17: Alcohols and Phenols C O O H H sp3 alcohol pKa~ 16-18 phenol (aromatic alcohol) pKa~ 10 Alcohols contain an OH group connected to a saturated carbon (sp3) Phenols contain an OH group connected to a carbon of a benzene ring O H C C H C C O chemistry dominated by the keto form 76 enol keto H O H R O H R O R R O O R’ water alcohol R S H ether R S R peroxide R S S R’ thiols thioether disulfides
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shown below. 19) Provide the structure of the major organic product in the reaction shown below. 20) A novice chemist wished to prepare 1-methylcyclohexane-1‚4-diol from the keto alcohol shown below by treating it with the appropriate Grignard reagent. Was the chemist successful? Explain. 21) Provide the
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Esters b. Amines c. Aromatic compounds including polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. 2. Identify structures that are products of the following reactions: a. Grignard reaction including identification of the nucleophile. b. Conversion of nitriles into carboxylic acids and acid derivatives c. Diels-Alder reactions d. Reduction of aldehydes and reagents used for that reaction. e. Fischer esterification including identification of nucleophile‚ catalyst‚ and leaving group. f. Reaction of acid chlorides
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* Introduction to Organic Chemistry Understand the basis of drawing organic structures Depicting 3-D structures in 2-D Most organic compounds have a three-dimensional structure. How do we represent structures on our two-dimensional page? For example‚ methane is a tetrahedral molecule: Bonds in the plane of the paper: Bonds coming towards the observer: (out of the page) Bonds going away
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followed by preparation and reaction with Grignard‚ then purification by extraction and recrystallization. The yield was 78.5%‚ but there are impurities present suggested by 1H-NMR‚ IR‚ and TLC. However‚ the results do indicate the desired hydroxyketone was formed. Introduction: The purpose of this multi-step lab was to synthesize 4-hydroxy-4‚4-diphenylbutan-2-one from ethyl acetoacetate. The Grignard reaction is widely used to react with ketones and aldehydes to give alcohols‚ however‚ it cannot
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