SUMMARY OF ORGANIC REACTIONS SECTION 1 - ALIPHATIC Aldehydes and ketones |Type of reaction |Mechanism | |1. oxidation (aldehydes only): aldehyde ( carboxylic acid |n/a | | | | |reagents: potassium
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the development of color are described by the following five mechanistic steps: alpha-amino acid + ninhydrin ---> reduced ninhydrin + alpha-amino acid + H2O alpha-amino acid + H2O ---> alpha-keto acid +NH3 alpha-keto acid + NH3 ---> aldehyde + CO2 Step (1) is an oxidative deamination reaction that removes two hydrogen from the alpha-amino acid to yield an alpha-imino acid. Simultaneously‚ the original ninhydrin is reduced and loses an oxygen atom with the formation of a water molecule
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tests were carried out on butanol‚ butanone‚ unknown a and unknown b which could all be concluded as positives tests given the large amount of yellow to red that formed. This test is therefore one of reliability as it indicates immediately whether aldehydes and ketones are
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QUALITATIVE TESTS OF CARBOHYDRATES Final Lab Report Submitted by Brittany Fitzgerald 545301 Prepared for Nancy Cook Chemistry 3501 Monday November 26‚ 2012 RESULTS PART A: As a result of the Benedict’s test on various sugar solutions‚ it was found that galactose‚ mannose‚ arabinose‚ ribose‚ lactose‚ fructose‚ maltose‚ and cellobiose tested positively and therefore are considered reducing sugars. Glucose‚ starch‚ sucrose‚ and methyl-D-glucopyranoside on the other hand tested
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Fischer Esterification – nucleophilic substitution reaction Strong acid catalyst (concentrated sulfuric acid Purpose of a reflux is to heat a reaction mixture at its boiling temperature to form products‚ without losing any of the compounds in the reaction flask TO HAVE GREAT PERCENT YIELD: As reaction is reversible‚ removal of water or the addition of an excess of one of the reactants (cheaper one) drives the reaction towards formation of ester. (Excess carboxylic acid is used) Adding excess
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Experiment 9 Thin Layer Chromatography Experiment: 9 Title: Thin Layer Chromatography Introduction: Chemical analysis is conducted on specific analytes (specific substance of interest in a mixture)‚ however it is often found that these analytes must be separated for the chemical analysis to conduct their analysis. Chromatography is a set up of laboratory a technique that is used to separate a chemical mixture. This technique is very useful as it allows us to follow the course of
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The Chemistry of Fragrances From Perfumer to Consumer 2nd Edition RSC Popular Science Titles The RSC publishes series of inexpensive texts suitable for teachers and students which give a clear‚ readable introduction to selected topics in chemistry. They should also appeal to the general chemist. For further information on all available titles contact: Sales and Customer Care Department‚ Royal Society of Chemistry‚ Thomas Graham House‚ Science Park‚ Milton Road‚ Cambridge CB4 0WF‚ UK
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3/22/2012 ARYL HALIDES 2. displacement reactions of diazonium salts ARYL HALIDES General formula: Ar–X where X = F‚ Cl‚ Br or I Examples Structure: C-X bonds are shorter and stronger Bond C-Cl C-Br Ar-X 1.69 A° 1.86 A° R-X 1.77 1.91 Dipole moments are unusually small. Bond C-Cl Preparation: 1. electrophilic aromatic substitution – useful only if one product is obtained C-Br Ar-X 1.7 D 1.7 D R-X 2.10 D 2.15 D Dipole moments may cancel out depending on the geometry of the
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Introduction The objective of this experiment is to identify if the 12 provided solutions contain starch‚ glycogen‚ reducing sugars or proteins. The four major biological macromolecules are carbohydrates‚ lipids‚ proteins and nucleic acids. Abundant elements in the world such as carbon and nitrogen bond in different ways to form many different molecules. The functional groups are what determine their characteristics. During the experiment‚ there will be 3 test. The iodine test is completed to
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Salicylic Acid Salicylic acid(C7H6O3) is the other reactant that makes up ASA. It is an organic compound that is apart of the carboxyl group. This group contains acids called carboxylic acids which are general weak. Carboxylic acids are aldehydes that have been oxidized‚ aldehydes are oxidized alcohols. The double bonded O attached to the OH (or COOH) as a substituent in an organic molecule indicates a carboxylic acid. And as stated earlier‚ salicylic acid is derived from metabolized salicin. Acetic Anhydride
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