Scientific and Economic Advantages and Disadvantages of Unconventional Fossil Fuels December 13‚ 2013 EES 402: Energy Issues in Geoscience Term Paper I. Introduction “Just as fossil fuels from conventional sources are finite and are becoming depleted‚ those from difficult sources will also run out. If we put all our energy and resources into continued fossil fuel extraction‚ we will have lost an opportunity to have invested in renewable energy.” –David Suzuki (Brainy Quote)
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overland flow (air hujan limpahanpermukaan)‚ interflow‚ and ground water flow (air dari punca bawah tanah). 1 Runoff results from rainfall occurrence in a hydrologic catchment. Rainfall-runoff relations are Interflow/subsurface and base flow/groundwater flow very important in hydrology. 2 Most work on the prediction of runoff requires past records. 3 The problem is that some streams are not gauged. Also‚ non-recording gauges only gives the volume of water and not intensities 4 There
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Point and Nonpoint Pollution Sources Point Sources Point-source pollutants in surface water and groundwater are usually found in a plume that has the highest concentrations of the pollutant nearest the source (such as the end of a pipe or an underground injection system) and diminishing concentrations farther away from the source. The various types of point-source pollutants found in waters are as varied as the types of business‚ industry‚ agricultural‚ and urban sources that produce them. Commercial
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is a mixture of water and chemicals such as acids‚ can migrate or be forced into groundwater. (Baker‚ 2001) In most situations‚ the groundwater lies from zero to one thousand feet deep‚ while the natural gas bearing formation lies at several thousand feet. In the case of the Marcellus Shale the gas is not that far in the ground‚ so to extract the gas the people fracking will be in danger of contaminating the groundwater. In New York the issue has raised particular concern because part of the Marcellus
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2. The plaintiff the United States of America (U.S.) is suing the defendant Burlington Northern Railway / Shell Oil Co. over its participation in creating a significant contamination of soil and groundwater at the Brown & Bryant‚ Inc. (B & B) agricultural chemical distribution business. The plaintiff is requesting that the defendant is responsible for a portion of the cleanup cost because the defendant was a Potential Responsible Party (PRP) under the Comprehensive Environmental Response‚ Compensation
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USA Today 18 Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2001 19 Source: CIA World Factbook via Index Mundi 19 4. Daniel Occhipinti 21 Water Problems In South Africa 21 Water Pollution 22 Water Borne Diseases 24 Groundwater utilization and management 26 Psychological and Sociological Considerations 28 5. Alex Afonso 29 Technology and Media Influence of the South African Culture 29 6. Patrick Marrero 30 Implications of Water Treatment on the Environment
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receives less than ten inches of rain per year. The summer months are dry because the rain would come in winter‚ causing farmers to irrigate their crops. Although the annual flooding replenished the soil it removed important boundary markers. Groundwater is extremely important to the Middle East. Ground water is important because it gives farmers fertile land where there is not ground water or fertile land‚ so farmers can irrigate it to their land. It is the water below the ground in soil pore spaces
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In today’s economy‚ natural gas and oil are used for energy‚ to heat and cool homes and provides fuel for cooking. Fossil fuel companies developed a process for natural gas called hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing has become the most used technique in the United States’ to produce oil and natural gas. Hydraulic fracturing is also knows as fracking is a technique to produce natural gas and oil. Wells are built which involves the injection of water‚ sand and chemicals at high pressure into
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life. On Earth‚ 96.5% of the planet’s water is found in seas and oceans‚ 1.7% in groundwater‚ 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland‚ a small fraction in other large water bodies‚ and 0.001% in the air as vapor‚ clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air)‚ and precipitation.[2][3] Only 2.5% of the Earth’s water is freshwater‚ and 98.8% of that water is in ice and groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers‚ lakes‚ and the atmosphere‚ and
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capture and store rainwater and recharge groundwater. 14 1 INTRODUCTION As a necessary means for survival‚ rainwater harvesting in India has been practiced for centuries. Attuned to local climatic conditions and functional needs‚ citizens have developed many regionally specific ways to capture and store rainwater‚ and recharge groundwater‚ especially in rural areas. However‚ partly because of rapid urbanization and the widespread reliance on groundwater from borewells‚ many traditional rainwater-harvesting
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