ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In this assignment‚ we would like to take an opportunity to send our appreciation to the college due to a proper syllabus and good environment have been provided. Next‚ we would like to thank our Costing and Pricing lecturer‚ Mr.Balan for his generous help. We believe that we cannot create an excellent assignment without his advice and help. At the same time‚ we would like to express our thanks to those who helped us to carry this assignment successfully. Thank you very much
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Often Hindustan Unilever must invest in production capacity before a product is brought to market. At the time of investment‚ product demand is uncertain‚ and the capacity decision might be made using a forecast of the product sales‚ where the forecast may take the form of a probability distribution. This uncertainty in the product demand complicates the capacity investment decision and any reduction in the uncertainty would be desirable. In some circumstances‚ the company may have the ability
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Hair coloring Definition of hair coloring: Hair coloring is the practice of changing the color of hair. The main reason for this practice are cosmetic‚ e.g. to cover gray hair‚ to change to a color regarded as more fashionable or desirable‚ and to restore the original hair color after it has been discolored by hairdressing processes or sun bleaching. Hair dying‚ which is an ancient art‚ involves treatment of the hair with various chemical compounds. Today‚ hair coloring is immensely popular
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Quo vadis? Towards an effective predatory pricing provision Garth Campbell* The level of criticism directed at s 46 of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) for its inability to capture predatory pricing indicates that smaller businesses are extremely concerned about this practice. Such criticism reached its peak following the High Court’s decision in Boral Besser Masonry Ltd v ACCC (2003) 215 CLR 374‚ which rejected a claim of predatory pricing. Since then‚ the Birdsville Amendment and other recent
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Helsinki‚ Finland 2005 Producer price index for services Pricing methods by Aurél Kenessey (CBS‚ Netherlands) Benoît Buisson (INSEE‚ France) Richard McKenzie (OECD) 2 1. Introduction The term pricing method in the context of compiling price indices would probably be regarded by most price statisticians as a common concept. However when one attempts to find a definition for this concept‚ or indeed a definition for various types of pricing methods‚ the inadequacy of the current literature becomes
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SALIENT FEATURES OF RANGARAJAN PANEL’S FORMULA FOR GAS PRICING: • The new formula‚ if implemented‚ will lead to a near doubling of prices to around $8 billion per mBtu • The Rangarajan Committee’s formula is based on the weighted average price of natural gas in North America‚ Europe and Japan markets as well as imported liquefied natural gas. • These guidelines shall apply from 1st April‚ 2014 and shall be applicable for five years after which market discovery price could be adopted as per the
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How might pricing decisions be influenced by knowledge of the Product Life Cycle? Product Life Cycle (PLC) shows the stages of a new product going through in the market place. In general‚ a product goes through introduction‚ growth‚ maturity and decline. The application of the four stages of PLC can assist firms to plan marketing mix decisions. Hence‚ price setting of a particular product can be influenced by its PLC over the four stages. For mass market with high competition and a new brand
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Hair coloring or lightening is the practice of changing the color of hair. During lightening‚ hair goes through various stages until it reaches the ideal orange/gold color. Lightening time varies‚ depending on natural hair color. The darker the hair‚ the longer the lightening time needed. Medium brown hair on average takes somewhere around 40 minutes to lighten. Dark brown hair takes somewhere around fifty minutes to lighten. Darkest brown hair takes around sixty minutes to lighten. And black hair
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systems. Pricing is one of the four p ’s of the marketing mix The effective price is the price the company receives after accounting for discounts‚ promotions‚ and other incentives. Price lining is the use of a limited number of prices for all your product offerings. This is a tradition started in the old five and dime stores in which everything cost either 5 or 10 cents. Its underlying rationale is that these amounts are seen as suitable price points for a whole range of products by prospective
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Predatory pricing is a practice in which a company attempts to gain control of a market by cutting its prices to levels well below those of competitors‚ so that those competitors go out of business because they cannot match those prices‚ or they cannot sustain lowered prices because they lack capital. This tactic is illegal in many regions of the world‚ although it can be very difficult to prove that a company is really engaging in predatory pricing. Some economists have suggested that this practice
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