NOVEMBER‚ 2007. Aims and Objectives: 1. To describe water hardness. 2. To soften hard water in terms of the species involved and the reactions they undergo. 3. To test the effectiveness of the methods. INTRODUCTION The experiment seeks to test the effectiveness of the two methods (precipitation and complexation) of separating hard water. Water containing Ca2+ and/or Mg2+ ions is called hard water‚ and water that is mostly free of these ions is called soft water. These ions do not
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How do softening techniques work? There are two different techniques that can be used in order to soften hard water. The first technique is by using commercial water conditioning agents. The second technique is by using cation resin exchange. For the first method‚ the desired effect can be achieved through simply adding a commercial water-conditioning agent
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SOFTENER: Function of softener is softening the hard water. This is because water supplied is hard water since it contains a lot of calcium‚ magnesium or other minerals. Water hardness Mg/L Soft water ≤ 17.1 mg/L Grey zone between soft and slightly hard water 17.1-60 mg/L Moderately hard 60-120 mg/L hard water 120 - 180 mg/L Very hard water ≥180 mg/L Hard water causes two problems such as 1. Dissolved calcium and magnesium precipitate out of hard water as scale‚ which builds up on the insides
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Experiment #10 The Chemistry of Natural Waters Lab Report Jake Shoemaker Group: 11/5/10 Chemistry 111 Section 103 Shoemaker 1 Introduction: Water hardness is defined as a measure of the amount of calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in water4. Hard water is water that contains large amounts of dissolved calcium and magnesium cations‚ and soft water is water that little or none of the cations10. The hardness of water is important because it affects numerous aspects of our life. Water hardness
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which any staff member can raise concerns or questions which will be noted and direction taken to fix the problem and report back the development progression as soon as possible. Hard Copy Materials – In order to ensure that all team members can easily locate any information they require‚ it is good to have accessible hard copies either in WHS/OHS folders or a safety noticeboard in the lunch‚ meeting or work area. Team members should be informed about and cooperate with safety requests‚ such as
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Hard Times written by Charles Dickens has themes of morality‚ importance of fellowship and sharing‚ irreparability of human action‚ childhood and money. The novel which is set up in fictitious Victorian industrial Coketown‚‚ assesses industrialization and the effect it had on people The ill effects of Victorian Utilitarianism are seen in the novel‚ through two of its characters‚ Thomas Gradgrind and Josiah Bounderby. the sleary circus in Charles Dickens’ novel Hard Times is full of life‚ color
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During this time‚ life became more difficult for a large majority of the citizens and hardships began to pile one on top of another. In the book Hard Times‚ by Charles Dickens‚ the lives and relationships of a range of people from this time are illustrated in order to demonstrate the nature of this society. Dickens uses the fictitious characters in Hard Times as examples of the varying degrees of inequality and misfortune‚ as well as the personifications of different schools of thought during the
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issue 6 | 2 010 Complimentary article reprint Post Merger integration: Hard Data‚ Hard Truths By johanneS gerdS and freddy Strottmann with PakShalika jayaPrakaSh > illuStration By VinCe mCindoe This publication contains general information only‚ and none of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu‚ its member firms‚ or its and their affiliates are‚ by means of this publication‚ rendering accounting‚ business‚ financial‚ investment‚ legal‚ tax‚ or other professional advice or services. This publication
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addition of Eriochrome Black T to the unknown‚ to indicate the endpoint of the titration. The average concentration of CaCO3 obtained was 1034 ppm‚ with a standard deviation of 2.4495. The results indicate that the unknown solution can be considered as hard water. Introduction The hardness of water is defined in terms of its cation content‚ which includes calcium‚ magnesium‚ iron‚ zinc‚ and other polyvalent metal ions. These metal ions interfere with the use of the water for many applications. For
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against conventions and formed their own opinions. This movement toward the liberation of literary representations of women is portrayed in such well-known and widely regarded literary works as Jane Austen ’s Sense and Sensibility‚ Charles Dickens ’s Hard Times and Henrik Ibsen ’s A Doll ’s House. Sense and Sensibility was published anonymously in 1811 by Jane Austen herself‚ at a time when women were not only regarded as intellectual inferiors of men‚ but were expected to remain such. They were thought
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