According to recent studies‚ there are less than two hundred thousand cases of bone cancer per year. There are three varieties of bone cancer which are called chondrosarcoma‚ Ewing’s sarcoma‚ and osteosarcoma. The most dangerous out of the three is Ewing’s Sarcoma‚ which only seventy percent out of one hundred survive after five years of the diagnosis. Chondrosarcoma is also very dangerous if it has progressed further before treatment‚ making it only a twenty-five percent survival rate after five
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DIRECTIONAL PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY DESIGN FOR DESKTOP WIRELESS INTERNET by Noah Snyder Senior Project ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 2010 2 Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ 3 List of Tables .............................................................................................
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have to use a catheter for a week up to 10 days after the operation. 3. Radiation Therapy In lieu of surgery‚ radiation therapy may be used as the primary treatment for prostate cancer. This method uses high energy rays to kill cancer cells. There are 2 types of radiation therapy. The first‚ external beam radiotherapy‚ delivers radiation to the prostate from outside the body. The second‚ prostate brachytherapy or internal radiation therapy‚ is done by placing grain-sized radioactive materials in the
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25 Aaron James Uy Timosa BSIT – 4 INTRODUCTION The Therac-25 was a radiation therapy machine produced by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) after the Therac-6 and Therac-20 units (the earlier units had been produced in partnership with CGR of France). It was involved in at least six accidents between 1985 and 1987‚ in which patients were given massive overdoses of radiation‚ approximately 100 times the intended dose. These accidents highlighted the dangers of software control of
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History and Modern Applications of X-Rays We see X-Rays all the time in television‚ science fiction novels‚ and comic book superheroes‚ but what is fact and what is fiction? By examining their makeup‚ history‚ modern applications‚ dangers‚ protection‚ and even possible future developments we can understand these scientific marvels far better and more accurately than watching an episode of Star Trek or reading a Superman comic. First and most important is to analyze why an X-ray works and what
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E.M. INTERACTION WITH MATTER 1 SCATTERING of E.M. RADIATION Type of scattering depends on the e.m. energy‚ ~! wrt the electron energy: Ionization energy EI Rest-mass energy me c2 2 CLASSICAL MODEL E.M. wave interacting with an oscillating electron Frequency of oscillation is given by Coulomb energy: !02 = kC /me e.m. field adds a driving force at e.m. frequency !‚ F = Radiated power is related to the electron acceleration‚ a 2 ✓ ◆2 !4 2 cE (!02 ! 2 )2 0 cE02 = P/I0 ‚ I0 = The cross-section
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Quantum physics: The photoelectric effect What is the photoelectric effect? The photoelectric effect is when a clean metal surface emits electrons after light‚ especially ultraviolet‚ has been shone on at it. This happens because of a process called photoelectric emission whereby a single photon package of electromagnetic energy‚ called a quantum‚ is absorbed by metal surfaces. This energy is then transferred to one single electron which can then be released by the metal and that released electron
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various effects on people’s health. To begin with‚ cell phones are emitting radiation‚ electromagnetic wave‚ which is threatening people’s health. Firstly‚ radiation causes to die of brain cells which are not renewable. The die of brain cells may cause amnesia and because of not being renewable it cause early aging. Moreover‚ if cell phones are used longer than ten years‚ then their radiation forms brain tumors. Secondly‚ radiation affects heart rhythm. Disorder of rhythm leads to send blood to cells irregularly
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matter cannot be explained on the assumption that the particles obey the laws of classical mechanics. At the end of 19th century and in the beginning of 20th century‚ many new phenomena such as photoelectric effect‚ x-rays‚ line spectra‚ nuclear radiation were discovered which wanted explanation on the basis of classical physics. Laws of classical mechanics failed to explain the above said newly observed properties of matter. Therefore the need of new concepts was felt in many areas of physical
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particles‚ in the form of radiation‚ until a stable nucleus is produced; this is called the radioactive decay. Four isotopes as well as their uses are mentioned subsequently. Americium: Americium is a silvery metal‚ which corrodes slowly in air and is soluble in acid. It has the isotopes: Am-243‚ Am-242 and Am-241‚ with a half-life of 432 years‚ which was the first isotope to be isolated. The isotope Am-241 decays by emitting alpha particles and intense gamma radiation to become neptunium-237
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