Introduction DNA‚ or deoxyribonucleic acid‚ is a double stranded helical structure used to store genetic information in cellular organisms. DNA usually consists of two strands made up of nucleotides‚ each with a backbone of repeating units of phosphate groups and the sugar‚ deoxyribose‚ bonded by phosphodiester linkages. Since the deoxyribose has a specific orientation‚ DNA molecules have directionality so that DNA sequences are read 5’ to 3’. The 5’ end of DNA is characterized by the deoxyribose
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Specific Heat Lab Objective: Find the specific heat of the unknown metal given using calorimetry. Background Theory: In every reaction‚ energy is transferred between a system and its environment. A system encompasses the substances that are involved in a reaction‚ and everything else in the universe other than the system is called the environment. The standard SI unit of energy is Joules (J). Temperature is the level of excitement of the atoms in a substance. In most cases‚ energy is
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Purpose Determine which kinds of reactions involve electron transfer as the driving force. Background Redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed. So‚ when a metal and a nonmetal react‚ there is an ionic bond formed‚ which means one of them loses electrons while the other gains them. Since this reaction involves the exchange of electrons it is termed as a redox reaction. The oxidation states in a metal- nonmetal are simple
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1: INTRODUCTION When studying the function of catalysts in reactions during the kinetics unit‚ I was eager to know more about the position of enzymes‚ which function as biological catalysts in biological systems. After doing some further research‚ I found that catalase‚ an enzyme‚ which is found in nearly all living organisms such as animals‚ catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the blood. H2O2 is produced by reactions in the white blood cells in our body to fight against diseases
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Experiment three was divided into three parts; the preparation of the solutions‚ the reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Ammonium Hydroxide (part b)‚ and the formation of Magnesium Oxide (part c). 200 mL of deionized water were added to a beaker followed by the addition of 100 mL 6 M HCl‚ which reacted to make 300 mL of a 2 M HCl solution used for Part B. Next‚ 50 mL of deionized water were added to a separate beaker and then 100 mL 3 M NaOH were added to the beaker to form 150 mL of a 2 M NaOH
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Demonstration of the Rates of Reaction Between Sulphuric Acid (25mL ±0.5mL) and Magnesium (0.02g ±0.01g) Changing Due to Different Surface Areas By Chania Baldwin Introduction: When sulphuric acid and magnesium are added together‚ magnesium sulphate and hydrogen gas is created. To create such a reaction the atoms must collide with a sufficient amount of energy. Every reaction requires a different amount of energy to create the reaction‚ which is called the activation energy; when there is not enough
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by Georg Wittig in 1954‚ the Wittig reaction is a robust organic synthesis method for preparing stereospecific alkenes. In general‚ Wittig reactions involve an aldehyde or ketone and a Wittig reagent (triphenylphosphonium ylide) and result in the formation of an alkene product and triphenylphosphine oxide (side product). Stereospecific alkene products can be synthesized by adjusting the reaction reagents and conditions. In the 60 years since the Wittig reaction was discovered‚ many articles have
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In this lab my group and I tested to see how yeast would react to different substances. Yeast is a fungi that releases carbon dioxide which can be used in the process of bread making. During this lab we used sugar‚ warm water‚ cornstarch‚ yeast‚ a gas sensor‚ plastic cylinders‚ and a laptop. The process of this lab was to create cellular respiration‚ which is what cells do to break up sugars into a form that the cell can use as energy. When yeast and a certain substance were combined‚ this substance
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of the reaction: The effect of the temperature of the reaction on the activity of the purified enzyme was carried out by make the enzymatic reaction for 10 minutes at different temperature 25‚30‚35‚40‚45‚50‚60 and 70°C using an enzyme protein 0.1mg/reaction mixture and substrate concentration of 15 mg/reaction mixture‚ using a control of previously heated enzyme solution in the reaction. The data recorded in (table 27) and (figure 29) illustrate the effect of temperature of the reaction on the pectinase
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98.) Consider the unbalanced redox reaction: Cr2O72- (aq ) + Cu(s ) → Cr3+ (aq ) + Cu2+ Balance the equation in acidic solution and determine how much of a 0.850 M K2Cr2O7 solution is required to completely dissolve 5.25 g of Cu. Nitric acid is usually purchased in concentrated form with a 70.3% HNO3 concentration by mass and a density of 1.41 g/mL. How much of the concentrated stock solution in milliliters should you use to make 2.5 L of 0.500 M HNO3? Mass %= Mass Solute/ Mass Solvent + Mass
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