energy: Thermal (heat) - flows from hot to cold objects Kinetic (movement) - anything that is moving has this Light - from the sun‚ light bulbs et cetera Elastically potential - when things are stretched Gravitational potential - anything that can fall Electrical - whenever a current flows Sound - vibrations in the air Chemical -a store of energy e.g. Batteries‚ food et cetera Nuclear - released in nuclear reactions E.g. A television gives out light‚ sound and heat. Potential and chemical
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container filled with 45 kg of liquid water at 95oC is placed in a 90-m3 room that is initially at 12oC. The thermal equilibrium is established after a while as a result of heat transfer between the water and the air in the room. Using constant specific heats‚ determine (a) the final equilibrium temperature‚ (b) the amount of heat transfer between the water and the air in the room‚ and (c) the entropy generation. Assume the room is well sealed and heavily insulated. 2. An ideal Otto cycle has a compression
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under steady conditions‚ and determine the rate of heat loss from the steam through the pipe. Assume that heat transfer is one-dimensional and there is no heat generation. The general equation can be expressed as: ( ? ?? )?( ) = 0 ?? ?? 2. Consider a 0.8m high and 1.5 m wide double-pane window consisting of two 4mm thick layers of glass (k = 0.78 W/m.oC) separated by a 10 mm wide stagnant air (k = 0.026 W/m.oC). Determine the steady rate of transfer through this double-pane window and the temperatures
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efficiency: minimal output‚ substantial coal consumption‚ minimal heat efficiency‚ high water articles in the discharged materials and trouble in the manage of water material. The elements influencing the drying method of rotary dryers may be classified into two styles: a single may be the variables caused through the rotary dryer itself‚ which includes the lifting board‚ the rotation velocity with the drying machine plus the heat insulation of the dryer cylinder and also the other 1 is the drying
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based shooting method with effective programming language MATLAB. The influence of dimensionless governing parameters namely magneticfield parameter ( )‚ buoyancy parameter( )‚ non-uniform heat source/sink parameters ( )‚ Brownian motion parameter ( )‚ thermophoresis parameter ( ) on the flow‚ heat and mass transfer of Maxwell ‚ Jeffrey and Oldroyd-B nanofluids are discussed and presented with the help of graphs and tables. In Addition‚ the effect of dimensionless governing parameters on the friction
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BOILING AND CONDENSATION BOILING • Phase change phenomenon where in transformation of liquid to vapour occurs at the saturation temperature of the fluid. It occurs at a solid/liquid interface due to convection heat transfer from the solid and usually occurs at surface temperatures higher than the saturation temperature of the fluid Agitation of fluid by vapor bubbles provides large convection coefficients Modified Newton’s law of cooling qs’’ h Ts Tsat Te • • • BOILING – CLASSIFICATON
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receptors sensitive to cold are activated and produce heat that is transferred to the blood flowing in the vessels underneath the skin. This heat then lessens the cooling effect. The hypothalamus performs very active function in this regard as the sympathetic responses are produced as a result of cold receptors activation. These responses are as follows: Epinephrine Secretion occurs from the adrenal medulla. This Epinephrine hormone produces heat and reduces the sensations of cold in the body. Nor-epinephrine
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happening over the course of time to cause the coffee to cool down? The answer to this question can be both macroscopic and particulate in nature.On the macroscopic level‚ we would say that the coffee and the mug are transferring heat to the surroundings. This transfer of heat occurs from the hot coffee and hot mug to the surrounding air. The fact that the coffee lowers its temperature is a sign that the average kinetic energy of its particles is decreasing. The coffee is losing energy. The mug is also
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the range 0 – 14 bar (gauge) and to study the change in temperature of a body when being heated or cooled. Safety The apparatus is a pressure vessel. The pressure must not exceed 14 Bar (gauge)! Background 1) In order to carry out a heat transfer experiment simultaneously with measurement of vapour pressure‚ it is required that the rates of heating and cooling of the pressure vessel‚ the rate of energy addition by the heater and the ambient temperature are recorded. 2) Study the following
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Introduction 2 Observations 2 Time/Temperature readings 2 Time/Temperature Plot 3 Calculations and Results 3 1) Enthalpy change of gas burned over the duration of the test 3 2) Heat transfer to the water in the kettle (Qw) 4 3) Heat transfer to the water which evaporates from the kettle (Qev) 4 4) Heat transfer to the kettle from initial to final state (Qk) 4 Find‚ as a fraction of 1‚ the values for 2‚ 3 and 4. 4 5) Air–Fuel Ratio 4 6) Enthalpy of combustion with the water formed by the
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