Transition Metals 1a) The d-orbitals of a free transition metal atom or ion are degenerate (all have the same energy.) However‚ when transition metals form coordination complexes‚ the d-orbitals of the metal interact with the electron cloud of the ligands in such a manner that the d-orbitals become non-degenerate (not all having the same energy.) The way in which the orbitals are split into different energy levels is dependent on the geometry of the complex. Crystal field theory can be used to predict
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Alkali Metals Introduction Alkali metals refer to six elements belonging to the Group IA of the long form of the Modern Periodic Table‚ viz. Lithium (Li)‚ Sodium (Na)‚ Potassium (K)‚ Rubidium (Rb)‚ Cesium (Cs) and Francium (Fr). Fr is a radioactive element. These elements are called so because they form strongly alkaline oxides and hydroxides. Electronic Configuration of Alkali Metals Each of the alkali metals has one electron in their outermost (valence) shell‚ which is just outside an inert
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EXTRACTION OF METALS SUMMARY Most metals exist in compounds in rocks in the Earth’s crust. Many of these ores contain oxides or sulphides of the metals. The compounds need to be reduced to produce the metals as elements. Metals are very useful to us because of their special properties. Reduction means removal of oxygen or gain of electrons. Carbon is a good chemical reducing agent because it readily combines with oxygen‚ but it is only useful for the metals below it in the Reactivity
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Study of Gold metal Date: 14/01/2013 Submitted to: Dr Sami Habib Submitted by: Jamil Mahfoud (A1010659) I- General introduction about metals: a- Historical background Back to 6000 BC‚ process metallurgy is known as one of the oldest applied sciences. Despite that the form of metals was very basic but it has a big impact on the society because of its wide uses especially as tools for agriculture or hunting and even as artistic styles later on. There are 86 known metals so far that were
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Corrosion of Metals Introduction Have you ever had a bike that went rusty‚ figure 1? If the paint is scratched and the rust allowed to spread‚ it is very difficult to repair the frame so it looks as good as new again. Rusting costs us millions of pounds each year‚ either through replacing things or through trying to prevent it happening in the first place. Figure 1: Bike rusting. In this booklet you learn about rusting and ways of stopping it‚ followed by a look at another metal‚ aluminium that
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The brass alloy we are experimenting on is called Muntz Metal. Muntz metal is 60% copper‚ 40% zinc and a hint of copper [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntz_metal] (accessed 4/10/12). Muntz metal was developed as an alternative to expensive‚ heavy copper. It is comprised of about 60% copper and about 40% zinc‚ with a small amount of iron. The finished product actually is considered a form of brass‚ but it has maintained its name of Muntz metal. [http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-muntz-metal.htm] (Accessed
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Resources‚ Conservation and Recycling 21 (1997) 145–173 Metals recycling: economic and environmental implications Robert U. Ayres * INSEAD‚ Boule6ard de Constance‚ F-77305‚ Fontainebleau‚ France Received 17 July 1997; accepted 27 July 1997 Abstract We are in a period of economic transition. The ‘cowboy economy’ of the past is obsolescent‚ if not obsolete. Environmental services are no longer free goods‚ and this fact is driving major changes. Recycling is the wave of the (immediate) future
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Lure of precious metals: Precious metals were a major pull factor for the west because everybody was looking for the opportunity to become wealthy individuals which was known as the American dream at that time. Gold and silver was the metals that every single person was looking for in the westward expansion‚ immigrants and citizens were willing to kill to get their hands on any gold or silver mine. The killing‚ weirdly enough‚ was mostly was the removal of Indians. The India wars: War was inedible
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Chemical Prperties of Metals Most metals are chemically reactive‚ reacting with oxygen in the air to form oxides over changing timescales (for example iron rusts over years and potassium burns in seconds). The alkali metals react quickest followed by the alkaline earth metals‚ found in the leftmost two groups of the periodic table. Examples: 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O (sodium oxide) 2Ca + O2 → 2CaO (calcium oxide) 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3 (aluminium oxide) The transition metals take much longer to
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Purpose: In this lab‚ we will heat up a metal rod and measure how much it expands. We will calculate its Coefficient of Linear Expansion‚ α‚ and prove the formula for thermal expansion‚ ΔL = αLiΔT. Also‚ we heat up a known volume of methyl alcohol and calculate its Coefficient of Volume Expansion‚ β‚ and prove the formula for volume expansion of a liquid ΔV = βViΔT. Equipment: Hollow Metal Rods of different metals‚ Steam Generator‚ Stand‚ Burner‚ Flexible Hoses‚ Motion Amplifier‚ Micrometer
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