In Immanuel Kant’s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785)‚ he explains the concept of Categorical imperative. This theory‚ states that universal moral law is applicable to all rational beings and that universal law has no dependence on individualized objectives. Humans have the ability to reason and establish what their moral duties are. He produces an argument for this assessment of morality by addressing the roles of means and ends. A mean is something that is done in order to achieve a
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The cosmological argument has been used for centuries to appeal to the existence of God‚ dating back to around 350 BC. Versions have been found in Plato’s Laws‚ 893-96‚ Aristotle’s Physics (VIII‚ 4-6)‚ and Aristotle’s Metaphysics (XII‚ 1-6). St. Thomas Aquinas‚ a Dominican priest‚ theologian‚ and philosopher‚ also included his version of the argument in Summa Theologica‚ along with four other contentions for the existence of God. The argument has been reasserted by Enlightenment writers such as Georg
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Stoics * The founder of Stoic philosophy was Zeno (333-262 B.C.). Stoics and Epicureans were in radical opposition on most subjects‚ but they agreed on a few things. * -Members of both philosophical schools were committed materialist. * - Both schools believed that there was nothing that existed except material things. * - Because the Stoics and Epicureans found common ground in materialism they battled the non-materialist philosophers such as Plato and his followers. * Stoics
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of conflicting events. The nature of the mind is considered as well‚ using arguments of logical positivists to truly scrutinize the ideas brought up in the film. The movie tests the viewer’s beliefs about the soul‚ even tying ideas into eastern metaphysics and the concept of inner reality versus outer reality. In fact‚ Jarmusch even uses this film to bring attention to the nature of being‚ including a wide range of existentialist ideas. The film is gorgeous both cinematically speaking‚
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The debate of the existences of God has been going on for centuries‚ on who is right and who is wrong. Many philosophers have try to argue and debate on who has a clear version of what is true and correct‚ be it from the religious reasoning or scientific reasoning. The debates for the existences of God have gone through all topic that form the point why we are how we are to the reason that we are here‚ for this reason philosophers have argue from the very begin. The point when the universe is created
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Introduction The following essay is based on the paper „Possible Worlds‟ by Robert C. Stalnaker from Cornell University. The author Robert C. Stalnaker is probably best known as one of the founders along with David Lewis of the possible world theory of conditionals and counterfactuals. Stalnaker takes the possible world framework as a method to look at some problems in the theory of knowledge and philosophy of mind. In this paper‚ the author recognises four theses in what he calls David Lewis‟s extreme
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|[pic] |Syllabus | | |College of Humanities | | |PHI/105 Version 4 | |
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René Descartes (1596—1650) René Descartes is often credited with being the “Father of Modern Philosophy.” This title is justified due both to his break with the traditional Scholastic-Aristotelian philosophy prevalent at his time and to his development and promotion of the new‚ mechanistic sciences. His fundamental break with Scholastic philosophy was twofold. First‚ Descartes thought that the Scholastics’ method was prone to doubt given their reliance on sensation as the source for all knowledge
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Cartesian dualism is a system of beliefs used to explain the nature of our existence and reality. However‚ there are many problems with dualism‚ the most significant being the mind/body interaction issue which was raised by Elizabeth in her correspondence to Descartes. My essay will firstly expound the key principles of Cartesian dualism. Then‚ I will analyse the problems that Elizabeth raises for dualism and critically evaluate its counter arguments. Ultimately‚ I have concluded that Elizabeth presents
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2. Trace the notion of opposites from the thought of Anaximander through the thought of the Atomists. According to Anaximander‚ the worlds consists of opposites. The main opposites are wet-dry and hot-cold. These are conflicting opposites. For one to exist it has to overpower the direct opposite. For example‚ for the dry earth to exist it has to overpower the wet water. According to Anaximander‚ this is injustice to one another. Justice therefore has to be restored by the defeated opposite
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