Abstract Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide and has a poor five year survival rate. A reason for this poor survival rate is the delay in diagnosis due to the late presentation of symptoms. This paper focuses on the different imaging modalities used to detect and diagnose pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Radiography is a modality utilized when a patient presents with abdominal pain or back pain‚ two common symptoms of PDAC. Ultrasound (US) is the commonly used front
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IGCSE Biology 2012 exam revision notes by Samuel Lees Contents: Section I: Characteristics and classification of living organisms 1. Characteristics of living organisms 2. Classification and diversity of living organisms 2.1 Concept and use of a classificatory system 2.2 Adaptations of organisms to their environment 3. Simple Keys Section II: Organisation and maintenance of the organism 1. Cell structure and organisation 2. Levels of organisation 3. Size of specimens 4. Movement in and out
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and in the lymphoid follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils. Lymphoid tissues contain lymphocytes‚ but they also contain other types of cells for support.[3] The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes (the primary cellular component of lymph)‚ which includes the spleen‚ thymus‚ bone marrow‚ and the lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system.[4] The blood does not directly come in contact with the parenchymal
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6 primary functions of digestive system: 1. Ingestion- food intake 2. Secretion 3. Digestion- mechanical & chemical breakdown of food Mechanical Mastication- first step. Enables mixing with saliva to form bolus to be swallowed. Regulated by CNS. Deglutition Mixing/Churning Peristalsis- movement of muscles within GI tract that facilitates movement of food Chemical- Hydrolysis (using H2O) of macromolecules into monomers (residues) carried out by digestive enzymes produced by salivary glands
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Communication‚ Homeostasis & Energy Communication & Homeostasis Outline the need for communication systems within multicellular organisms‚ with reference to the need to respond to changes in the internal and external environment and to co-ordinate the activities of different organs. Organisms need to respond to external stimuli‚ e.g. temperature‚ oxygen concentration and levels of sunlight. These may be over time‚ e.g. winter fur to summer fur‚ or quickly‚ e.g. changing size of pupils. Internal
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disease progression. The CNS should be able to calculate a MELD score to ensure that referral to a transplant center is not delayed‚ as early treatment with abstinence has been shown to improve the outcome and histological features of hepatic injury‚ to reduce portal pressure and decrease progression to cirrhosis‚ and to improve survival at all stages in patients with ALD. There are few reliable predictors of relapse in alcoholic patients‚ whether or not they undergo liver transplantation. As stated
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Reactions -Predictable: - Cytotoxic reactions - Most extension of drug’s therapeutic effect. - Mainly owing to formation of unstable or reactive metabolites from abnormality of metabolism or excretion. - Leads to saturation of hepatic enzyme systems. - Drug- Drug interactions - Pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions - Characterized as pharmacologic‚ physiologic‚ or chemical interactions‚ or drug-related receptor alterations. - Pharmacokinetic drug-drug
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Review of Knowledge- NR 291 Chapters 2-7‚ 36 & 37; Part 1 Chapter 2: Pharmacologic Principles “Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism can broadly be defined as a drug. The study or science of drugs is known as pharmacology. Without understanding basic pharmacologic principles‚ the nurse cannot fully appreciate the therapeutic benefits and potential toxicity of drugs. Drugs are grouped together based on their similar properties. This is known as a drug classification
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coming from the intestinal tract by way of the portal vein before it is pumped to the general circulation. The liver often sees drugs at their highest concentrations‚ since it is the first organ perfused by blood containing the drug after absorption from the intestinal tract. Approximately 10-15% of total blood volume can be presented to the liver at any given time. The entire absorbed dose must process through the liver before reaching the systemic circulation. The drug may still be subject to repeat
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The Abdomen 1. Ascites is defined as an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid within the peritoneal cavity. 2. Pyloric stenosis is a congenital narrowing of the pyloric sphincter. 3. Moles on the abdomen are common. 4. The organ in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen is the liver. 5 The four layers of large‚ flat abdominal muscles form the ventral abdominal wall. 6. Pyrosis is a burning sensation in the upper abdomen. 7. The abdomen normally moves with breathing until the age of __7__
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