Organic Chemistry - Introduction 1 2812 Basic definitions for organic chemistry Scope Organic chemistry is a vast subject so it is easier to split it into small sections for study. This is usually done by studying compounds which behave in a similar way because they have a particular atom‚ or group of atoms‚ (FUNCTIONAL GROUP) in their structure. Catenation The ability to form bonds between atoms of the same element. Carbon catenates to form chains and rings‚ with single‚ double
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Synthesis and Structure of Alcohols Alcohols can be considered organic analogues of water. H O H R O H Alcohols are usually classified as primary‚ secondary and tertiary. H R H OH H primary R R OH R R OH OH R secondary tertiary phenol Alcohols with the hydroxyl bound directly to an aromatic (benzene) ring are called phenols. Nomenclature of Alcohols (Normally any compound’s name which ends in –ol is an alcohol of some sort) IUPAC rules that:
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Water • Define the terms solute‚ solvent and solution • Solute: Substances dissolved by the solvent (or the component present in a lower amount) • Solvent: Substances in which solutes are dissolved (or the component present in a larger amount) • Solution: A homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances • 1.1.2. Identify the importance of water as a solvent. • Water is distributed in the biosphere‚ lithosphere‚ hydrosphere and atmosphere • On earth‚ it is distributed as a solid‚ liquid and gas
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Richard F. Daley and Sally J. Daley www.ochem4free.com Organic Chemistry Chapter 2 Introduction to Organic Nomenclature and Functional Groups 2.1 Drawing Organic Structures 73 2.2 Alkanes 77 2.3 Structural Isomerism 77 2.4 IUPAC Nomenclature 79 2.5 Naming Alkanes 80 2.6 Naming Cycloalkanes 87 2.7 Naming Complex Alkyl Groups 2.8 Functional Groups 97 2.9 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes 2.10 Naming Alkenes‚ Part II 108 2.11 Arenes 109 2.12 Organohalogens 113 2.13 Using Molecular
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HYDROCARBONS 365 UNIT 13 HYDROCARBONS Hydrocarbons are the important sources of energy. After studying this unit‚ you will be able to • • name hydrocarbons according to IUPAC system of nomenclature; recognise and write structures of isomers of alkanes‚ alkenes‚ alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons; learn about various methods of preparation of hydrocarbons; distinguish between alkanes‚ alkenes‚ alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons on the basis of physical and chemical properties; draw and
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N12/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX 88126104 CHEMISTRY standard level Paper 1 Friday 9 November 2012 (afternoon) 45 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES • Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. • Answer all the questions. • For each question‚ choose the answer you consider to be the best and indicate your choice on the answer sheet provided. • The periodic table is provided for reference on page 2 of this examination paper. • The maximum mark for this examination
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PRELIMINERIES Due to highly development of chemical and biochemical industries‚ acetic acid has largely produced to fulfil the needs of world demand in production of daily used products and for pharmaceutical needs. Therefore‚ this study is carried out to introduce the production of acetic acid using biological pathways which includes the used of microorganisms. In this chapter will briefly explained on the knowledge about acetic acid and the microorganism
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Oxidation of Borneol to Camphor Objectives: The purpose of this experiment was to use oxidation to convert (1S)-(-)-borneol into (1S)-(-)-camphor‚ which was done via the use of reagents such as glacial acetic acid and sodium hypochlorite and laboratory techniques learned in previous labs. Afterward‚ the final desired product was obtained‚ and to characterize and ensure the purity of the product‚ further lab techniques were implemented. Overall Reaction: 0 out of 10 Oxidation Reaction:. Mechanism:
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TITILE OF THE PROJECT pH SENSITIVE CHITOSAN DERIVATIVE POLYMERICS NANOPARTICLES AS DRUG CARRIER IN TARGETING COLON CANCER CELLS INTRODUCTION: Cancers area group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in tissues and its leading cause of death. To date‚ cancer caused 7.6 million deaths (around 13% of all deaths) around the world and this will projected to continue to rise to over 13.1 million deaths in 2030. Among this colon cancer arises when this uncontrolled cell
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香港考試及評核局 HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AND ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY 香港中學文憑考試 HONG KONG DIPLOMA OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION 練習卷 PRACTICE PAPER 化學 試卷一 CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 評卷參考 MARKING SCHEME (2012年2月22日修訂稿) (updated as at 22 Feb 2012) Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority All Rights Reserved 2012 PP-DSE-CHEM 1–1 權版留保 局核評及試考港香 © 。旨之巧技用運與力能解理重着試考違有亦 ，難解及對應懂學，習學善改生學助無既，度態習學種這。吞生剝 活，記死背硬，案答準標為視考參卷評將應不生學。用之考參生學 和師教供，寫編而卷習練科本為專局核評及試考港香乃考參卷評本 This marking scheme has been prepared by the Hong Kong
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