Energies 2008‚ 1‚ 79-92; DOI: 10.3390/en1020079 energies ISSN 1424-8220 www.mdpi.org/energies Article Esterification of Oleic Acid for Biodiesel Production Catalyzed by SnCl2: A Kinetic Investigation Abiney L. Cardoso‚ Soraia Cristina Gonzaga Neves and Marcio J. da Silva * Departament of Chemistry‚ Federal University of Viçosa‚ Viçosa‚ Minas Gerais‚ Brazil‚ 36570-000. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:silvamj2003@ufv.br Received: 5 August 2008; in revised form:
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“WATER IS A GOOD SOLVENT” Water is very unique in all facets of its nature. The chemical formula for water is H2O as a water molecule consists of two atoms of the chemical element hydrogen (H) and one atom of the element oxygen (O). Water is the most abundant chemical compound on earth as its mass all exists together‚ naturally‚ in its gaseous‚ liquid and solid state. It is the most precious natural resource to man and is essential to life for all discovered living organisms. One of the unusual
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Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Turmeric Value Added Products ABSTRACT From time immemorial India has been known as Land of Spices. Turmeric is one of the major species in India. Growth in agro exports not only brings in additional foreign exchange for the country but benefits a large number of people involved in production‚ processing and exports of such products. India contributes to 80% of world turmeric production and is the largest exporter of turmeric. The major importing countries
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Name Lab Section GTA Station # 5. Extraction Pre-lab questions Complete the following questions and submit before beginning the experiment. 1. Which layer will be the aqueous layer when using dichloromethane (methylene chloride) as the solvent (i.e.‚ top or bottom)? Which layer will be the aqueous layer when using ether as the solvent? 2. When everything has been separated in Part D‚ which compounds will be in test tubes 1‚ 2‚ and 3?
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Contents 1) Sulphuric Acid----------------------------------------------------------------(1-6) a. Uses of sulphuric b. Manufacture of sulphuric acid c. Sulphur dioxide and environmental pollution 2) Ammonia and Its Salt-----------------------------------------------------(7-10) d. Uses of ammonia e. The properties of ammonia f. Manufacture of ammonia g. Preparation of ammonium fertilisers 3) Alloys------------------------------------------------------------------------(11-14)
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Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. An Internship Report Giselle Charisma Sequeira SSN: 889-94-0978 In Partial Fulfillment of the Master’s Program in Business Administration‚ Ohio University‚ Athens‚ USA OHIO University Christ College Academy for Management Education Christ College Campus‚ Hosur Road‚ Bangalore-29 April 2007 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Completing a task is never a solo effort. It is often the result of invaluable contributions by a number of individuals in a direct or indirect manner‚ which
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Production of Biodiesel by Enzymatic Transesterification: using Waste Cooking Oil as feedstock and Candida Antarctica Lipase B as Biocatalyst. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTON The high cost of bio-diesel‚ compared to petroleum-based diesel‚ is a major barrier to its commercialization. It has been reported that 60-90% of bio-diesel cost arises from the cost of the feedstock oil (C.C. Lai et al.‚ 2005). Studies showed the potential of waste-cooking oil (WCO) as a material for biodiesel production
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OBJECTIVES: To determine the maximum wavelength of potassium permanganate. To plot the calibration curve of potassium permanganate. To determine the concentration of an unknown solution of potassium permanganate. INTRODUCTION: UV Spectrophotometer has 4 main components which is the UV light source‚ the sample‚ detector and the processor/recorder. Spectrophotometry is a technique that uses the absorbance of light by an analyte (the substance to be analyzed) at a certain wavelength to determine
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Megan Entwistle‚ Maria Amos‚ and Paul Golubic CHEM 0330 Organic Lab 1 Sodium Borohydride Reduction: Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone 11/16/11 Introduction Redox (shorthand for REDuction-OXidation) reactions are chemical reactions in which the oxidation state (or oxidation number) of atoms has changed. Oxidation can be observed through the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by an atom‚ ion or molecule. Reduction describes the gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation state
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Functional Groups of Organic Compounds A functional group is a specific arrangement of atoms in the HC derivative other than carbon and hydrogen. Literally‚ the functional group determines the functions of the particular HC derivative in chemical reactions. This means that the specific properties of the HC derivative are due to its functional group. Each functional group is attached to an alkyl radical (R). An alkyl radical is one H atom less than the given alkane. The alkyl radical (R) uses
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