Enzymes are responsible for multiple reactions that take place naturally in the living organisms. The purpose of the enzymes lab was to investigate how the enzymes play a role in a reaction‚ affecting the rate of reaction (ROR). Interestingly‚ we tested how the enzymes affect the reaction rate at multiple temperatures (0‚ 23‚ 37‚ 50‚ 70‚ and 95 C). It was predicted that an increase in temperature will elevate the thermal activity of substrate which increases the chances the substrate molecules will
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ENZYME COFACTORS AND INHIBITORS 1. DESCRIBE THE GENERAL ROLE OF COFACTORS IN ENZYME ACTIVITY. Some chemicals enhance an enzyme’s activity‚ which is what cofactors function to do. They are a non-protein component of an enzyme and may be organic molecules (called coenzymes) or inorganic ions. 2. (A) NAME FOUR HEAVY METALS THAT ARE TOXIC TO HUMANS. Four heavy metals that are toxic to humans are: 1. Cadmium (Cd) 2. Lead (Pb) 3. Mercury (Hg) 4. Arsenic (As) (B) EXPLAIN IN GENERAL TERMS WHY THESE
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Lambda DNA with restriction enzymes. Aim: The objectives of this experiment are: Become more familiar with using micropipettes. Use restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites. Use Ligase to rejoin some of the cut/separated DNA fragments. Learn to separate DNA using electrophoresis. Introduction: Restriction enzymes are proteins which cut dsDNA at specific regions depending on the enzyme used‚ determined by the nucleotide sequence of the DNA‚ i.e. each enzyme recognises specific nucleic
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Enzymes and ATP Enzymes act as protein catalysts in biochemical processes Enzymes bind to a substrate and forms the enzyme substrate complex. Enzymes work by lowering the energy of activation. Activation energy must be supplied for the reaction to begin‚ once supplied‚ the reaction can proceed on its own. Enzymes can speed up events. They are not used by during the reaction because the enzyme stays the same‚ it does not change during the reaction. (Hudon-Miller‚ Enzymes‚ 2013) Enzymes act as
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Enzymes What Are Enzymes? Substances that speed up chemical reactions are called catalysts. Organic catalysts are called enzymes. Enzymes are specific for one particular reaction or group of related reactions. Many reactions cannot occur without the correct enzyme present. They are often named by adding "ase" to the name of the substrate. Example: Dehydrogenases are enzymes that remove hydrogen. Induced-fit Theory The shape of the enzyme must match the shape of the substrate
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Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to observe and understand the effects of changes in temperature‚ pH‚ enzyme concentration‚ and substrate concentration on the reaction rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Another purpose of the lab was to explain how environmental factors affect the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Hypothesis: I believe that if there is an increase in enzyme concentration‚ an increase in temperature‚ or an increase in pH‚ then the intensity of the reaction will increase
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Enzyme action is the simple mechanism by which enzymes catalyse chemical reactions. This begins with the binding of the substrate to the active site on the enzyme. The binding of the substrate to the enzyme causes changes in the distribution of electrons in the chemical bonds of the substrate. This then causes the reactions that lead to the formation of products that are then released from the enzyme surface to regenerate the enzyme for another reaction cycle. The active site has a unique shape that
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KPIs for Drug Discovery STRATEGIC IMPERATIVES • • Product Quality Benchmarking among the competitors CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS • • • Sustainable quality High Standards Optimal Pricing Strategy KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS • • • • • Pioneers in Quality and Standards • • Positive results of Quality
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Investigation on the effects of Temperature‚ pH levels‚ and Enzyme Concentration on the reaction rate of the Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide by Catalase The purpose of this investigation is to figure out how temperature‚ pH‚ and enzyme concentration affect the reaction rate of an enzyme. It’s important to understand how certain factors affect enzymes because of their crucial role in the metabolic processes of life. Enzymes lower the activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction to
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Lecture 3: Enzyme kinetics Tue 17 Jan 2006 with the collaboration of Luna De Ferrari 1 Images from: D. L. Nelson‚ Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry‚ IV Edition‚ W. H. Freeman ed. A. Cornish-Bowden Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics‚ Portland Press‚ 2004 A. Cornish-Bowden Enzyme Kinetics‚ IRL Press‚ 1988 Computational Systems Biology Summary: • • • • • • 2 Simple enzyme kinetics Steady-state rate equations Reactions of two substrates Inhibition of enzyme activity pH
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