Chemistry F332 Notes Ions in solids and solutions: Structure of an ionic lattice (Sodium Chloride): * Consists of sodium ions (Na+) surrounded by six chloride ions (Cl-) * Chloride ions also surrounded by six sodium ions. * Held together by attraction of oppositely charged ions. * Giant ionic lattice. * Electrostatic bonds hold lattices together. * Structure is simple cubic. * Some ionic crystals contain water. * Known as water of crystallisation. * These crystals
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recovery and for para 160% recovery. Our melting point ranges were ortho: 45-46°C and para 64-95°C. Introduction: Nitration: In phenols‚ -OH group strongly activates the ring system. As a result‚ phenols are susceptible to oxidation in the presence of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3). Thus‚ nitration of phenols is carried out with dilute nitric acid and results in the formation of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol. The o-nitrophenol is steam volatile and the mixture of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol is
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Experiment No. 1: MELTING POINT AND BOILING POINTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ABSTRACT The properties of organic compounds depend on their chemical structures. Intermolecular forces of attraction affect physical properties such as melting and boiling point. Through the Thomas Hoover apparatus‚ the melting point of 8 test compounds was determined. Salicylic acid exhibited the highest melting point while naphthalene‚ the lowest. The stronger the intermolecular forces of attraction‚ the higher the melting
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Chemistry Final Study Guide Matter as anything that has mass and takes up space. Significant figures refers to digits that were measured. When rounding calculated numbers‚ we pay attention to significant figures so we do not overstate the accuracy of our answers. Rules: -All nonzero digits are significant. -Zeroes between two significant figures are themselves significant. -Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never significant. -Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if a decimal
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HOW ARE REDOX REACTIONS DIFFERENT? Redox is the term used to label reactions in which the acceptance of an electron (reduction) by a material is matched with the donation of an electron (oxidation). A large number of the reactions already mentioned in the Reactions chapter are redox reactions. Synthesis reactions are also redox reactions if there is an exchange of electrons to make an ionic bond. If chlorine gas is added to sodium metal to make sodium chloride‚ the sodium has donated an electron
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level CHEMISTRY Paper 1 Multiple Choice Additional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet Soft clean eraser Soft pencil (type B or HB is recommended) Data Booklet 9701/13 May/June 2010 1 hour *2288633369* READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write in soft pencil. Do not use staples‚ paper clips‚ highlighters‚ glue or correction fluid. Write your name‚ Centre number and
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Benzil Reduction Introduction The objective of the experiment was to reduce Benzil‚ using sodium borohyride as the reducing agent. In a benzil reduction‚ there are five possible products than can occur‚ specifically a racemic mixture of benzoin‚ racemic mixture of hydrobenzoin‚ or meso-hydrobenzoin. Therefore‚ three different tests were conducted in determining the identity of the product: melting point‚ thin light chromatography‚ and infrared spectroscopy. (a) Mechanism and reaction equation
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 4 Practice Test February 2013 1. A 20.0-g sample of HF is dissolved in water to give 2.0 102 mL of solution. The concentration of the solution is: a) 1.0 M b) 3.0 M c) 0.10 M d) 5.0 M e) 10.0 M Ans: d) 5.0 M Page: 4.3 2. Which of the following aqueous solutions contains the greatest number of ions? a) 400.0 mL of 0.10 M NaCl b) 300.0 mL of 0.10 M CaCl2 c) 200.0 mL of 0.10 M FeCl3 d) 200.0 mL of 0.10 M KBr e) 800.0 mL of 0.10 M sucrose ANS:
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Numbers [13] Electron Configuration [14] Periodic Table [15] Periodic Trends KSev [16] Chemical Bonding [17] Formal Charge [18] Resonance Structure [19] Bonds [20] VSEPR [22] Valence Bond Theory [22] Molecular Orbital Theory [B]Lab [1] Corrosion [2] Oxidation Reduction Reactions [3] Calorimetry [4] Qualitative Analysis [5] Flame Test [6] Molecular Model *(Ctrl + F the roman numeral to skip to that part. Ex: [B.3]) KSev [A.1] Thermodynamics Thermodynamics “thermo” = heat “dynamics” = movement
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Arenes The aromatic hydrocarbons also have the name arenes. They contain in their molecule one or more cycles made up from 6 carbon atoms. When the molecule is formed out of a single cycle‚ the hydrocarbons are mono nucleuses; when the molecule contains more than one cycle‚ the hydrocarbons are poly nucleuses. The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon‚ benzene‚ is compound out of just one such cycle; its formula is C6H6. The representation of benzene through a cycle of 6 carbon atoms with 3 double bounds
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