INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL BONDS CHEMICAL BOND Definition: A chemical bond is defined as a force that acts between two or more atoms to hold them together as a stable molecule. Main types of bond: 1. Ionic or electrovalent bond‚ 2. Covalent bond‚ 3. Coordinate covalent bond Forth type of bond: Metallic bond: The type of bonding which holds the atoms together in metal crystal. Valence electron: The electrons in the outer most energy level in an atom that takes part in chemical
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1984 Golden Temple Massacre In 1984‚ hundreds of Sikh’s were injured‚ Darbar Sahib (Golden Temple) was destroyed. Sant Jarnail was the one who stood up for Sikh rights.Indira Gandhi tried destroying Darbar Sahib and for that she got shot. Hundreds of Sikh’s died‚ fighting for their religion. Many people lost their families; people were getting burnt alive.Darbar Sahib was surrounded by soldiers of General Brar and big cannons. The holy book (Sri Guru Granth Sahib) was hit
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the right to tell others how they should live and certainly no one has the right to regulate if you’re actually doing as they’ve told you. But this is exactly what was predicted to be in the future by George Orwell in the well-known classic novel 1984. His book described a sordid futuristic world in which every aspect of life is being monitored by the supremacy of The Party‚ regulating its citizens of everything from sexual partners to the things they are allowed to think. In fact‚ the main character
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CHAPTER 7 Bonds Valuation CHAPTER ORIENTATION This chapter introduces the concepts that underlie asset valuation. We are specifically concerned with bonds. We also look at the concept of the bondholder’s expected rate of return on an investment. CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Types of bonds A. Debentures: unsecured long-term debt. B. Subordinated debentures: bonds that have a lower claim on assets in the event of liquidation than do other senior debtholders. C. Mortgage bonds: bonds secured
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Catastrophe Bonds By Kirill Graminschi The trouble with Catastrophe Bonds The article presents the difficulties insurance companies face when they are issuing catastrophe bonds. Do they efficiently hedge against large-scale disasters? It is very difficult hedging against catastrophic losses. Japan’s March earthquake‚ tsunami and nuclear disaster threat could cost the insurance industry between $21 and $34 billion. The catastrophe bonds are not helping much the insurance companies‚ although
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Chemical bond From Wikipedia‚ the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation‚ search A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electrostatic force of attraction between opposite charges‚ either between electrons and nuclei‚ or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" such as covalent or ionic bonds and "weak bonds" such
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Journal of Banking & Finance 36 (2012) 2216–2232 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Banking & Finance journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jbf Are corporate bond market returns predictable? Yongmiao Hong a‚b‚ Hai Lin c‚d‚ Chunchi Wu e‚⇑ a Department of Economics‚ Cornell University‚ Ithaca‚ NY 14853‚ USA Wang Yanan Institute for Studies in Economics and MOE Key Laboratory in Econometrics‚ Xiamen University‚ Xiamen 361005‚ China c Department of Accountancy
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a net attractive force between the atoms ... a chemical bond. The two extreme cases of chemical bonds are: Covalent Bonds Covalent chemical bonds involve the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms‚ in contrast to the transfer of electrons in ionic bonds. Such bonds lead to stable molecules if they share electrons in such a way as to create a noble gas configuration for each atom. Hydrogen gas forms the simplest covalent bond in the diatomic hydrogen molecule. The halogens such as
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governments‚ such as the Nazi Party and the Soviet Union’s Joseph Stalin‚ was Eric Arthur Blair‚ better known as George Orwell. It is amongst the rise of dictators and the beginning of totalitarian societies that Orwell wrote and published the novel‚ 1984‚ a warning in disguise. Orwell’s predictions for what the future would look like if society continued its ways are seen through the eyes of Winston Smith. Winston’s life in the novel allows one to feel fear and concern toward Big Brother and his methods
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The characteristic of a convertible bond The convertible bond is one kind of equity-linked bonds. The term of the bond entitles bondholder to convert bonds into shares of the company or another company in the same group‚ at an agreed-upon conversion price‚ among a fixed period. The reason why it is made in this form is that the issuer can benefit from four aspects as follow‚ (1) better terms. A convertible bond have a lower interest rate‚ less restrictive covenants or the subordination of bondholders’
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