TYPES OF COSTS Introduction :-Production is the result of services rendered by various factors of production.The producer or firm has to make payments for this factor services. From the point of view of the factor inputs it is called ‘factor income’ while for the firm it is ‘factor payment’‚ or cost of inputs.Generally‚ the term cost of production refers to the ‘money expenses’ incurredin the production of a commodity. But money expenses are not the only expensesincurred on the production
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EXPERIMENTAL ESTIMATES OF EDUCATION PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS* ALAN B. KRUEGER This paper analyzes data on 11‚600 students and their teachers who were randomly assigned to different size classes from kindergarten through third grade. Statistical methods are used to adjust for nonrandom attrition and transitions between classes. The main conclusions are (1) on average‚ performance on standardized tests increases by four percentile points the first year students attend small classes; (2) the test score
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Dr. Stephanie White‚ is concerned about the dilemma of coping with reduced budgetsd and demand for services. In order to plan for reduced budgets‚ she must first identify where costs can be cut or reduced and still keep the agency functioning. Below data from past year. Program Area Costs Administration Salaries: Administrator 60‚000 Assist 35‚000 2 Secretaries 42‚000 Supplies 35‚000 Advert & promotion 9‚000 Professional meetings/dues 14‚000 Purchased Services:Acct & bill 15‚000 Custodial 13‚000
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SC/SOC-SCI/3434/10-11 THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT 1970-2011 LECTURER:Prof Olowononi DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AHMADU BELLO ZARIA The structure of Nigerian economy can be broadly classified into four:The production‚Commerce‚Services and others. PRODUCTION: processes and methods employed to transform tangible inputs (raw materials‚ semifinished goods‚ or subassemblies) and intangible inputs (ideas‚ information‚ knowledge)
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restaurant currently pays $5 per hour for servers and $50 per hour to rent ovens and other kitchen machinery. The restaurant uses seven hours of server time per unit of machinery time. Determine whether the restaurant is minimizing its cost of production when the ratio of marginal products (capital to labor) is 12. If not‚ what adjustments are called for to improve the efficiency in resource use? The ratio of prices PK/PL= r/w= 50/5=10 and The capital to labor MPK/MPL= w/r=12 These
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Earning management is good or not? Introdcution This essay is to examine whether earning management is it good or bad. Though there is so many debate about whether it should be accepted to be good rather than bad‚ however‚ this essay will explain the both side of earnings management. Earnings management reduces the quality of financial reporting‚ it can interfere with the resource allocation in the economy and can bring adverse consequences to the financial market. This essay analyses both‚ causes
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Firms did not flourish until the early 20th century. They emerged as an authorized structure and were granted exclusive rights to trade and conduct business in certain markets and products. The fact that firms are a different way to organize economic activities cannot explain explicitly and adequately the reason of firm formation. Many socialists and economists have given their interpretations of the conditions under which firms emerged and developed in certain ways in a specialised exchange economy
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CORPORATE ENVIROMENT PROJECT REPORT ON WHICH FIRMS ARE IMPORTANT TO A SOCIETY AND ITS ECONOMY? LARGE FIRMS OR SMALL FIRMS. WORD COUNT: 2602. BY STUDENT ID: 094005 STUDENT ID: 094011 STUDENT ID: 094057 STUDENT ID: 094031 INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION (3) 1.1. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SMALL FIRMS AND THE LARGE FIRMS (3). 2. SMALL FIRMS OVER THE LARGE FIRMS (4). 2.1 ADVANTAGE OF THE SMALL FIRMS (5). 2.2 SMALL FIRMS ACT AS A BACKBONE EXAMPLE (6). 3. CONCLUSION (7)
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Short Essay on Coase’s article: “The Nature of the Firm” Coase’s article “The Nature of the Firm” provides a set of answers to important questions such as “Why do firms exist?” “What characterizes firms?” and “What determines their scale and scope?” According to Coase‚ a firm has to find the most cheap‚ most productive goods and services by establishing contracts in an open‚ efficient market place. However‚ market places are not that pure to let firms to succeed in their needs; they are not fluid. This
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New Zealand 24-27 January 2010. How can BIM Technology assist in optimising the Life Cycle Cost of a Building? By Francis Pf Lai‚ Dulani Halvitigala‚ John Boon‚ Roger Birchmore Department of Construction‚ Unitec New Zealand Abstract The complexity of a modern construction project‚ especially in a fast track environment‚ necessities the use of Building Information Management (BIM) system to manage such a project to provide the necessary probable cost outcomes of alternative designs ahead
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