average human reaction time for a simple task. Hypothesis If the activity is repeated a number of times‚ then the reaction time will decrease‚ therefore the slower the reaction time‚ the further the ruler will fall. Variables - which variables are you going to: Change? (Independent Variable) The Independent Variable in this Investigation is the reaction time. Measure? (Dependent variable) The Dependent Variable in this Investigation is how far the ruler falls. Keep the same? (Controlled variables)
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Practical: The effect of pH on enzyme activity Rationale Amylase is an enzyme involved in the digestion system which catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars. It is not only present in human saliva but also in the pancreas‚ where it hydrolyses dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy. pH has an effect on the activity of all enzymes‚ including amylase. As the pH level increases‚ the enzyme activity increases
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optimum pH of 10.0 with the liberation of p-nitrophenol. The substrate is colourless‚ but the product p-nitrophenol is yellow in alkaline solution‚ absorbing maximally at 405 nrn. Thus a convenient assay for this enzyme involves monitoring the change in absorbance of the reaction medium at 405 nm. Exergonic (i.e energy producing reactions) exhibit a negative free energy change. Sometimes these reactions occur spontaneously‚ but generally some energy must be supplied to initiate the reaction; in
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Enzymatic Reactions Enzymes are proteins found in living things that speed up chemical reactions. They aid in nearly all metabolic processes‚ such as food digestion‚ molecule synthesis‚ and the storage/ release of energy. An enzyme speeds up the rate of the chemical reactions by lowering the reaction’s activation energy‚ which means that by definition‚ an enzyme functions as biological catalyst. The activation energy is the energy that is used to get a reaction started. The function of an
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‘Kinetics’ is the study of chemical reactions. The speed of a reaction can vary depending on many variables such as the nature of the reactants‚ particle size‚ concentration and temperature. For a chemical reaction to occur‚ there must be a collision between reactants. The reaction rate is slower when the reactants are large and complex molecules because it takes longer for the molecules to combine together creating a chemical reaction. More than 2000 years ago‚ Democritus‚ who was a philosopher
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Enzymes Enzymes are… * Biological catalysts Lower the energy level needed for a biochemical reaction to occur. This energy level is called activation energy. * Proteins Polypeptide chains made up of 100’s-1000’s of amino acids in a specific sequence. * Do not get “used up” in a reaction The number of “uses” of an enzyme depends on the enzyme. * Work more efficiently at certain optimum temperatures. * They are “reaction-specific”. Each enzyme is included in one reaction.
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effect of various factors on the rate of reaction between an enzyme andits substrate‚ and also to determine the optimal ranges under which the enzyme activity ismaximized. Also to determine whether saline and alcohol are inhibitors or activators Hypothesis: PH factor prediction: I predict that as the pH increases so the activity of the enzyme willincrease until it reaches optimum pH range (pH 7) because the enzyme is less denaturedwhen it reaches the preferred pH level‚ and after this it will decrease
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were accurate‚ I made sure I accurately measured out the amylase and starch solutions for each experiment. This is because‚ if I had the wrong amounts‚ I would not get a valid conclusion‚ as I will not know whether my results are affected by the concentration of starch‚ or whether the results I got were due to the amounts of solution used. This would make both my results and conclusion invalid and unreliable. I also made sure that the temperature of the water bath was at the correct temperature and
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Enzymes (pron.: /ˈɛnzaɪmz/) are large biological molecules responsible for the thousands of chemical interconversions that sustain life.[1][2] They are highly selective catalysts‚ greatly accelerating both the rate and specificity of metabolic reactions‚ from the digestion of food to the synthesis of DNA. Most enzymes are proteins‚ although some catalytic RNA molecules have been identified. Enzymes adopt a specific three-dimensional structure‚ and may employ organic (e.g. biotin) and inorganic (e
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Volcanoes affect people in many ways‚ some are good‚ some are not. Some of the bad ways are that houses‚ buildings‚ roads‚ and fields can get covered with ash. As long as you can get the ash off (especially if it is wet)‚ your house may not collapse‚ but often the people leave because of the ash and are not around to continually clean off their roofs. If the ashfall is really heavy it can make it impossible to breathe. Lava flows are almost always too slow to run over people‚ but they can certainly
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