There are many key differences that are important to understand between data oriented and process oriented approaches to designing a new system. The system focus of the data views and process views are entirely different. The process view focuses on what the systems supposed to do and when‚ while the data view has a focus on what the system needs to operate. Another noteworthy difference that distinguishes the two views is the design stability. The design stability of a process view is a more limited
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Sample and Design Critique The purpose of this paper is to critique the design‚ sample and ethical issues used in the selected research studies. The article “The Experience of Patients Undergoing Awake Craniotomy” is a qualitative study. The overall purpose of the study is as Palese‚ Skrap‚ Fachin‚ Visioli‚ and Zannini‚ (2008) states‚ “Although different techniques are used‚ very little has been documented about how the patients feels‚ what they think about‚ or how they approach this type of surgery
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obtain information about population parameters by taking either a census or a sample. Census: a complete enumaration of the elements of a population or study objects. Sample: A subgroup of the elements of the population selected for participation in the study. Conditions Favoring the Use of Factors Sample Census Budget
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RELIABILITY‚ VALIDITY AND REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE IN RESEARCH John and Webb (2002‚ p.148) distinguishes between validity and reliability‚ arguing that the first one is the extent to which a research is capable of measuring what it is supposed to be measuring and the second one is the extent to which a research delivers consistent results. Validity and reliability measurement instruments are free of bias and random error. Haynes and Heiby (2004‚ p.47) propose some questions addressing sampling adequacy
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Reliability is general rather than specific But validity is not general but specific. Reliability is necessary for validity because a test with score which fluctuates very much does not test anything. For example if a test of pronunciation measures pronunciation it is a valid test‚ instead of measures grammar and vocabulary. The test yields dependable scores that is if the scores do not fluctuate very much the test is reliable. means the scores obtained by a student will be close to the score she
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Quasi-Experimental Designs and External Validity In research the goal is to design a study that is generalizable to other populations‚ settings‚ and times‚ however this is not an easy task (Campbell & Stanley‚ 1963). Researchers try to create studies that have strong external validity‚ while attempting to avoid possible threats. External validity determines the extent to which the data collected in one study can be generalized to other populations‚ setting‚ treatments variables‚ and measurement
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Validity is about the extent to which a piece of research in finding out what the research is finding out what the researcher intents to find out. The idea of validity means that something is true and can be believed. When people say ‘that’s a valid point”‚ they mean that the point is relevant‚ meaningful and believable. It is concerned with truth and value‚ that is whether conclusions are correct or not. It also considers whether the method‚ approaches and techniques actually relate to what is being
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The method by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks How and when error and system messages are passed between devices The setup and termination of data transfer sessions Individual protocols in a protocol suite may be vendor-specific and proprietary. Proprietary‚ in this context‚ means that one company or vendor controls the definition of the protocol and how it functions. Some proprietary protocols can be used by different organizations with permission
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Why good database design is important in performing data operation? A good design is significant in performing data operation. Without the good design‚ it is difficult to make relationship with other database and it will not run competently and also securely (Knight‚ 2011). This report will discuss the important of good database design‚ which are crucial for the business in performing operation and making a decision. Firstly‚ with the good design‚ data will be stored in consistent form. Appropriately
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Week 11 (i) SAMPLE DESIGN AND SAMPLING PROCESS Introduction Samples are parts or potions of population. A population is the specified total of study elements. A target population‚ also known as the universe‚ includes all the members of a real or hypothetical set of people‚ event or objects to which we wish to generalize the results of our research. A study population is that aggregation of elements from which the sample is actually selected. Sampling means selecting a given
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