Another name for operant conditioning is instrumental learning‚ introduced by Edward L. Thorndike 1913. Thorndike began studying “animal thinking”. Cat experiment: cat would perform a specific response‚ such as pulling a wire or a lever and was rewarded food after each escape. “law of effect” behavior is influenced by its consequences First book published‚ the behaviour of organisms 1938. Skinner demonstrated that organisms tend to repeat those responses that are followed by favourable consequences
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conditioning in your explanation. What is operant conditioning? How do reinforcement‚ punishment‚ and extinction apply to operant conditioning? What behaviors can best be learned by using operant conditioning methods? Explain your answer. Thorndike and Skinner were close in agreement on a number of issues including the control of behavior by stimuli and the ineffectiveness of punishment. However‚ there were
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CITING SOMEBODY’S WORK Refer to the following websites for specific info: http://www.apastyle.org/ http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ http://www.usq.edu.au/library/help/referencing/apa Example for in-text citation: Skinner (1953) argued that the internal needs and drives of individuals can be ignored because people learn to exhibit certain behaviors based on what happens to them as a result of their behavior. This school of thought has been termed the behaviorist‚ or radical
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Psychology Contributions Howard Gardner: Created the theory of multiple intelligences‚ which says that human beings have 8 different “sections” of intelligence. E.L. Thorndike: Developed the puzzle box‚ used to study animal psychology and intelligence; postulated the idea of connectionism which is a proponent of learning and relates basic associations between cause and effect; developed the law of effect principle which states that events followed by satisfaction will be linked with the event
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a conditional stimulus. The reverse is also true. Classical conditioning can be so powerful that it can actually make as sick by suppressing the body’s immune system. 5.According to Edward Thorndike it’s the consequences of what an individual does that most influences the learning process. * Thorndike Law of effect states that learning is controlled by its consequence are selected and repeated while these leading to bad consequences or no consequences at all are not
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symbolizing and anticipating (Lefrancois‚ p.386). Bandura’s theory was based on Skinners operant conditioning. If you recall Skinner believed in “free will” Therefore‚ Skinner believed that we have a mind‚ but due to the limitations on how to study our ”mind” he studied behavior because it could be seen by observation. Skinner was known for operant conditioning that was based on Thorndike’s “Law of effect”. Skinner and Thorndike believed that if a behavior
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Society holds many ways to control one’s actions and thoughts. Through behavioral conditioning humans learn to thrive on their teacher’s ideals. Science and literature have both aided in the development of associative learning such as Aldous Huxley’s novel‚ Brave New World. Behavioral conditioning‚ a vital part of today’s society‚ helps develop a child’s ability to learn; however‚ when taken to new extremes as displayed in Brave New World‚ it destroys individuality by pre determining one’s future
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that evoke involuntary or automatic responses. Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) -Not concerned with reflex responses like Pavlov. -Focused on the learning of new behavior. -Well known for his research involving cats and a puzzle- box. -Placed hungry cats in a maze and timed how long it took for them to reach the food at the end of the puzzle. He found that the cats got faster and faster. (learned behavior) -From this research Thorndike formed laws of behavior‚ one of the most famous being the
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BEHAVIORIST THEORY ON LANGUAGE LEARNING AND ACQUISITION Introduction There are some basic theories advanced to describe how language is acquired‚ learnt and taught. The behaviorist theory‚ Mentalist theory (Innatism)‚ Rationalist theory (otherwise called Cognitive theory)‚ and Interactionism are some of these theories. Of these‚ behaviorist theory and mentalist theory are mainly applicable to the acquisition of languages while the rest can account
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Learning – long lasting change in behavior resulting from experience Classical Conditioning – a form of learning in which the first stimulus is the signal of the occurrence of the second stimulus Unconditioned stimulus (US/UCS) – the original stimulus that elicits a response Unconditioned response (UR/UCR) – the involuntary‚ reflexive response to unconditioned stimulus Conditioned stimulus – the stimulus associating with the original stimulus to elicit a response Conditioned response – salvation
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