as a dependent variable “Y”. Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) are a special type of work behavior that are defined as individual behaviors that are beneficial to the organization and are discretionary‚ not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system. These behaviors are rather a matter of personal choice‚ such that their omissions are not generally understood as punishable. Organizational citizenship behaviors are thought to have an important impact on the effectiveness
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SELF-INTEREST‚ ALTRUISM‚ INCENTIVES‚ & AGENCY THEORY Michael C. Jensen Harvard Business School MJensen@hbs.edu Abstract Many scholars‚ business people‚ policy makers‚ and religious leaders are suspicious of self-interest and incentives and often oppose the use of incentives to motivate managers‚ employees‚ public servants‚ or the public itself. I address here some of these issues regarding human nature and organizations raised by Michael Brennan (1994) in “Incentives‚ Rationality‚ and Society
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Affiliation: The Role of Oxytocin in Female Behavior‚” generally discusses the behavioral effects of oxytocin (OT) based on human and animal studies. It is broken down in two perspectives: specific attachment which focuses on the role of oxytocin in relation to bonds and relationship forming with loved ones and the use of aggression to protect those relationships and trait affiliation which focuses on oxytocin as being a contributing factor in social behavior. In addition‚ the articles identifies some
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Disturbing Behavior Paper Youth 350 Sandra Jossie April 4‚ 2010 My Disturbing Behavior Paper is on the issue of‚ “Teens and Bestiality.” According to The Humane Society of Southern Arizona‚ “bestiality” is defined as‚ “The sexual molestation of an animal by a human. This can include a variety of behaviors‚ including vaginal‚ anal‚ or oral penetration; fondling; oral-genital contact; penetration using an object; and killing or injuring an animal for sexual gratification. Animal sexual
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Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory is such an intriguing topic to study. It is shocking how young children will respond either negatively or positively to different things or people. For instance‚ if a child cries each time one parent picks them up from daycare‚ but does not ever cry when the other parents arrives to pick them up‚ wouldn’t that be worth looking into? One parent has a positive impact on the child‚ but the other parent has a negative impact on the child. Investigating situations
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Counselors as Companions and Ethics in Human Services Amber Paradise July 8‚ 2014 HN144: Human Behavior and the Environment Professor Kimberly Platt Kaplan University Counselors as Companions and Ethics in Human Services In this article the counselor states: “I found that when working with such clients‚ my role as counselor is more akin to a special type of travel companion who is willing to understand and respect the process of walking along a sacred life path. This is the only
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Activity Theory and its contributions in strategy research Written by: Mohammad Sihab Ridwan PhD student at School of Management 0f Southampton University Activity theory is a name that commontly accepted for a line of theorizing and research iniated by L.S. Vygotsky‚ A.N. Leont’ev‚ and A.R. Luria‚ in the 1920s and 1930s‚ the founders of the cultural-historical school of Russian psychology ( Ed‚ Engerstrom‚ Miettinen‚ Punamaki‚ 1999; Engerstrom‚ 2000 ). Chaiklin‚ Hedegaard‚ Jensen (
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Behavior in the workplace is a very important factor not only for the individual employee‚ but for the entire organization. This is due to the fact that counterproductive work behavior can essentially cost organizations time and money. Productive work can be defined as basically accomplishing the expected tasks in a work environment. On the other hand‚ counterproductive work behavior is exactly the opposite. Counterproductive work behavior is a root issue for mostly all organizations in society.
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Critic on Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory By: Genevie-An Ortega Suico Albert Bandura is the leading proponent of the Social Learning Theory . This theory focuses on the importance of observational learning‚ imitation and modeling. According to Bandura (1977)‚ learning would be exceedingly laborious‚ not to mention hazardous‚ if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately‚ most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling:
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Human desire Human desires are defined as the sexual appetite or a sexual urges of human beings. Since excessive desire always makes people lose themselves‚ it is considered as one of the root of all evils; with that comes a question: can we human beings control our excessive desires? I find my answer in J.M.Coetzee’s novel “Disgrace”-- human beings can never check their excessive desires. Because instincts and human natures are always used as excuses for wrongful sexual desires. Also‚ our willpowers
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