industrial fractional distillation of crude oil. (i) Identify fraction A. (ii) What property of the fractions allows them to be separated in the column? (2) (b) A gas oil fraction from the distillation of crude oil contains hydrocarbons in the C15 to C19 range. These hydrocarbons can be cracked by strong heating. (i) Write the molecular formula for the alkane with 19 carbon atoms. (ii) Name the type of reaction involved in cracking. (iii) Write an equation for one possible cracking reaction of
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Kohat-Potwar Oil and Gas Exploration and Production The first oil well drilled in present-day Pakistan was at Kundal on the Potwar Plateau in 1866. The first commercial oil discovery was made in the Greater Indus Basin in 1914 when the Attock Oil Company completed a 214 ft well on a thrust-faulted anticline near Khaur on the Potwar Plateau (Khan and others‚ 1986). Early success in the Kohat-Potwar geologic province served to focus much of the early exploration activity in that area. The Sui
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product composed of hydrocarbon deposits. It is a fossil fuel‚ meaning that it was made naturally from decaying plants and animals. Crude oils vary in color‚ from clear to tar-black‚ and in viscosity‚ from water to almost solid. Crude oil can be refined to produce usable products such as gasoline‚ diesel and various forms of petrochemicals and as such‚ are a useful starting point for many different substances. Crude oil is also a naturally occurring hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain
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source‚ rendering the contaminants harmless or less toxic products in most cases. This paper summarizes the general processes of bioremediation within the soil environment‚ focusing on biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. The effect of soil conditions on rate of biodegradation of hydrocarbons is addressed. Further‚ limitations and potential of both ex situ and in situ bioremediation as viable alternatives to conventional remediation are explained and addressed. Many substances known to have toxic
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Bioremediation Methods for Oil Spills Contents I. Introduction II. History of Bioremediation 1. ‘Courtship’ Period (Pre-1989) 2. ‘Honeymoon’ Period (1989-1991) 3. ‘Establishment’ Period (since 1992) III. The Biological and Chemical Processes of Bioremediation 1. Biodegradation a. Biological Process b. Degrading Species c. Chemical Process d. Need for Bioremediation 2. Bioremediation a. Seeding with Microbial Cultures b. Environmental Modification
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refineries‚ and used as fuel in combustion engines. It is made of over 250 types of hydrocarbons. Aromatic hydrocarbons like toluene and benzene are used to increase the octane rating of gasoline. Other additives are also added to improve engine performance and reduce the emission of harmful gasses formed as byproducts of the combustion process. Some hydrocarbons found in gasoline like benzene are carcinogenic. These hydrocarbons escape into the air around us while we are refilling petrol at a gas station
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Engineering Lecture : Mr: E Thorpe Title : Combustion The term complete combustion generally is used in connection with the burning of hydrocarbons. Combustion is the process of burning that occurs when fuel‚ oxygen‚ and heat are simultaneously present. The result of complete combustion is the release of energy‚ carbon dioxide‚ and water vapor. If the hydrocarbon contains sulfur‚ sulfur dioxide also will be present. On the flip side‚ incomplete combustion results in some of the carbon atoms combining
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Cyclohexane is a saturated hydrocarbon and cyclohexene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon due to the presence of double bond.Both hydrocarbons produce carbon dioxide and water during combustion test. When the oxygen is limited‚ the product will be carbon monoxide and water. The alkenes are highly flammable and burn readily in air‚ forming carbon dioxide and water. In this experiment‚ the combustion of cyclohexene burns in an orange flame and produces relatively high amount of black soot. The black soot
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Pollution Air Pollution (Endangered Global Commons) Natural Air Pollutants Volcanoes sulfur oxides‚ particulates Forest Fires Carbon monoxides‚ carbon dioxide‚ Nitrogen oxides‚ particulates Wind storms Dust Living Plants Hydrocarbons‚ pollen Decaying plants Methane‚ hydrogen sulfide Sea Salt particulates Major Air Pollutants Carbon Monoxide From transportation Causes headache‚ dizziness‚ decreased tolerance to exercise Sulfur oxides Coal fired
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BACKROUND INFORMATION Organic chemistry is the study of hydrocarbons and their various deviations. (Ex. natural gas‚ paper‚ proteins‚ carbohydrates) Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon single bonds. (Ex. C-C) Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons with one of more multiple carbon-carbon bonds. (Ex. C=C double bond‚ triple bond‚ or both) Stereoisomers have the same molecular and structural formulas but different orientations of atoms in space. Constitutional isomers
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