every year to meet the energy demand.(Leahy and Colwell 1990) Since this prediction‚ the amount actually used each year has grown considerably. Due to this increased use‚ there have been an equal amount of environmental response from increased hydrocarbon concentration. A majority of these responses are focused on marine systems‚ terrestrial systems‚ and a variety of environmental conditions which are affected. These affects are not only linked to the use of the fuels‚ but the accidental contamination
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important conversion process used in petroleum refineries. It is widely used to convert the high-boiling hydrocarbonfractions of petroleum crude oils into more valuable [1][2][3] gasoline‚ olefinic gases and other products. . Cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons for conversion of heavy fractions into lighter fractions was originally done by thermal cracking which has been almost completely replaced by catalytic cracking because it produces more gasoline with a higher octane rating. It also produces
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THE EVOLUTION OF SOAP & DETERGENT INDUSTRY HISTORY Soaps The washing industry‚ usually known as the soap industry‚ has roots over 2000 years in the past‚ a soap factory having been found in the Pompeii excavations. However‚ among the many chemical process industries‚ none has experienced such a fundamental change in chemical raw materials as have the washing industries. It has been generally accepted that the per capita use of toilet soap is a reliable guide to he standard of living for
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Lecture # 1 Organic Chemistry- 1. It is a science that deals with the study of Carbon compounds but not all compounds containing under organic compounds. Non-Organic Compounds a. CO- Carbon monoxide b. CO2- Carbon dioxide c. CO3- Carbonates d. HCO3- Hydrogen carbonates e. CN- -Cyanides 2. There are over millions of compounds and inorganic is approximately 100‚000. 3. A science that deals with matter obtained from natural or living sources. 4. Study of Carbon Compounds
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and temperature increased‚ these conditions‚ and possibly other unknown factors‚ caused organic material to break down into the simpler form of hydrocarbons‚ which are chains of carbon and hydrogen ranging from simple configuration to complex compounds. Another affect of extreme pressure is that the oil and gas which are various mixtures of hydrocarbons raise upwards to the surface. Exactly when in the conversion process and the nature of this
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AQA GCSE Chemistry Unit 1 C 1: Fundamental ideas: C 1.1. Atoms‚ elements and compounds: * All substances are made up of atoms. * Elements contain only one atom. * Compounds contain more than one atom. * An atom has a tiny nucleus in its centre‚ surrounded by electrons. C 1.2. Atomic structure: * Atoms are made up of protons‚ neutrons and electrons. * Protons and electrons have equal and opposite electrical charges. Protons are positively charged‚ and electrons are negatively
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soil spectra that are related to soil contamination. The contaminants that shall be inspected include petroleum hydrocarbons‚ heavy metals‚ acid mine drainage‚ pesticides‚ and vegetation stress as an indicator for soil contamination. We are reviewing all work done to assess these contaminations in soil either by spectroscopy or IS methods with a special emphasis on petroleum hydrocarbons contaminations. The traditional chemistry based determination process of measuring petroleum
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vehicles. These exhaust gases contains carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons in high proportions which adversely increases the Global Warming and Green House Effect. The goal of this paper is to introduce a method which adsorbs the hydrocarbons and absorbs carbon monoxide led by the vehicles thereby controlling the Global Warming and Green House Effect. The absorption of carbon monoxide is done by using cuprous salt and adsorption of hydrocarbons is done by using a complex nanomaterial. i.e.‚ Carbon Monolithic
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technology that allowed oil companies to determine the presence of hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas) in deepwater formations prior to drilling. Previous dimensional (3D) seismic mapping‚ allowed explorers to see the potential formations that might trap hydrocarbons in the seabed‚ but they could not determine with much certainty whether there were fluids in these formations or if those fluids were water or the more valuable hydrocarbons. The cost of drilling a well in deep water (water depths greater
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Pentane ii. 2‚ 2-dimethylpropane iii. 2-methylbutane a) How will you synthesize methane from acetic acid? b) A hydrocarbon C4H10 (A) on monochlorination gives a compound C4H9C1 (B). Compound (B) on treatment with sodium metal gives 2‚2 ‚3‚3- tetramethylbutane. What are the structural formulas of (A) and (B)? 8. a) A hydrocarbon of formula C6H12 decolorises bromine solution‚ dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid‚ yields 2-methylpentane on hydrogenation and on ozonolysis
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