molecules of HCl and DCl. Because deuterium has a greater mass than hydrogen‚ the IR band shown for HCl is at a higher wavelength than DCl. The absorption of light in DCl was at lower frequency 1700-2200 cm-1 because D is bigger and heavier. That’s why the vibrations on the IR were shorter for DCl compared to HCl. The stretching of HCl on the IR region was around 2700-3100 cm-1. The constant vibration frequency is added to determine the bond length of isotope between HCl and DCl. From the ab-initio calculations
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Surname Centre No. Initial(s) Paper Reference 4 3 3 5 Candidate No. 2 H Signature Paper Reference(s) 4335/2H Examiner’s use only London Examinations IGCSE Team Leader’s use only Chemistry Paper 2H Higher Tier Tuesday 6 November 2007 – Morning Time: 2 hours Question Leave Number Blank 1 2 3 4 5 Materials required for examination Nil Items included with question papers Nil 6 7 8 9 Instructions to Candidates In the boxes above‚ write your centre number‚ candidate number‚ your surname
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has the chemical formula C10H12O. This compound is said to be hydrogen deficient‚ meaning that it contains less hydrogen atoms than would be needed for each of the carbon atoms to have the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms attached. The IHD‚ or index of hydrogen deficiency for this molecule is 10. This indicates that there must be five rings or double bonds in the structure. Each of these would compensate for two of the missing hydrogen atoms. Since a saturated compound of the chemical formula C10H20O
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fat vs. unsaturated fat Saturated fat has a lot of single carbon bonds. This makes them much straighter in shape and therefore easier to stack together. It’s called “saturated” fat because the molecule has the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms attached to it as possible. Unsaturated fat has double carbon bonds. Each double carbon bond means two less hydrogen atoms on the molecule. Unsaturated fat also is kinked at each double bond‚ disrupting the straight shape. These kinks get in the way of the
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law states that matter is neither created nor destroyed during an ordinary chemical reaction. In other words‚ all of the atoms that were present at the beginning of a reaction are present at the end of the reaction—they have just been rearranged to bond differently and form new substances. It is important that chemical equations represent this law by always having equal numbers of each type of atom on both sides of the equation; chemists call this “balanced.” In a balanced equation‚ each type of
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• highlight the environmental effects of polyhalogen compounds. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Haloarenes Halogenated compounds persist in the environment due to their resistance to breakdown by soil bacteria. 10 Unit The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in a hydrocarbon‚ aliphatic or aromatic‚ by halogen atom(s) results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide (haloarene)‚ respectively. Haloalkanes contain halogen atom(s) attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom of
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ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION PURPOSE The purpose of this lab is to learn how to synthesize 2-methyl-2-butene into 2-bromo-2-methylbutane using addition of hydrogen bromide. THEORY Chemical Compound Molecular Formula Molecular Weight Boiling Point Melting Point Density Amylene CH3CH=C(CH3)2 70.13 g/mol 36 oC -134 oC 0.662 g/ml Hydrobromic Acid HBr 80.91 g/mol 126 oC -11 oC 1.490 g/ml 2-Bromo-2-MethylButane C5H11Br 151.05 g/mol 107 oC 1.18 g/ml Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 84.007 g/mol Decomposes
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Latest Invention: Tea Bag that Uses Nanotechnology to Clean Drinking Water One of the latest inventions developed by researchers from Stellenbosch University in South Africa is a one of a kind "tea bag" that makes use of nanotechnology to clean drinking water‚ making it free from contaminants and bacteria. It would be interesting to note that the "tea bag" is made of the same material that is used to make the actual tea bags. The only difference is that in the Stellenbosch researchers’ invention
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Functional Groups What’s so Special About Carbon? Carbon atoms can do some unique things that other atoms cannot Carbon can bond to as many as four other atoms Bonds to carbon are very strong and nonreactive Carbon atoms can attach together in long chains Carbon atoms can attach together to form rings Carbon atoms can form single‚ double‚ or triple bonds 5 1.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbon and Functional Groups What’s so Special About Carbon? Organic compounds tend to be
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What is collagen? Collagen is a simple protein made up of amino-acids. Amino acids are built from carbon‚ oxygen and hydrogen. In fact collagen makes up approximately 30% of the protein within the body. As a structure Collagen is intensely strong and is a vital protein that is found all over the body: In tendons and ligaments. It plays an important role in the protection function of the skin in that it helps limit the absorption and spreading of pathogenic substances‚ environmental toxins‚ micro
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